Before i come in campus, I have ambition, become a man that helpful, and make happy family because my family hopeful a children get studied until fresh graduated from college, and also my high school about network technology and then i'm begin liked this study.
IT professional is my favourit jobs, because IT is jobs challenge and need high skill, but to getting this job not easy. need spesial skill to work in here. in the world IT must have focus and priority, consisten, motivated, understand prosedure and want grow. become profesional must balance with his knowledge.
Because i am fresh graduated from faculty computer science and technology information making it suitable for jobs IT. I want the work in the technology company and developing company, type of work i like is tecnhnical engineer and networking engineer or all a job of field technology
Technical engineer that is, those who are involved in the fields of engineering, regarding maintenance and repair of computer system devices. while networking engineer is the people who work in technical fields of computer network maintenance until his troubleshooting or be the one describing the problem to the user as a helpdesk to be able to portray roughly what errors or problems being faced by the user so as to accelerate the process of completion problems or issues.
The technology IT grow fast that's makes me spirit could work after graduate later.
But not every jobs as above that i ambition, only god that determine our life.
I hope my dream can come true, because success begins from a dream, and i hope can happy my family , I believe it. lets pray that to achieve our dream .
thanks for your attention
Selasa, 14 Juli 2015
Sabtu, 09 Mei 2015
How Technology and Education Can Save the World
There
is no denying about technology empowering the world in every way possible.
Ranging from a little child to a grown up adult, everybody is dependent on
science and technology one way or another. According to some people, it’s a bad
thing to depend too much on gadgets and computers but in spite of that, we
choose to rely on the conveniences of science on a daily basis. On the whole,
all minor and major technological up-gradations have helped individuals and
offices do multi-tasking with ease. When it comes to the education sector,
something of the smilar nature can be seen happening.
Schools
and colleges across the world have embraced technology by bringing onlineschool software into
the system. Today, technology and education are going hand in hand by providing
academic institutes with an easy way to manage and control the system. The
traditional methods have started to vanish from the face of earth providing
academic institutes with an easy way to not just manage and control schools,
but also provide students
with interactive
technological amenities.
How Have The Methods Of Administration Transformed?
How Have The Methods Of Administration Transformed?
There
was a time when principals used to maintain manual book keeping for all kinds
of financial transactions and academic records. Admins and teachers had to
prepare all important information via the pen and paper approach. School staff
had to go through every little detail in order to locate important information
on a daily basis. That is not the case anymore because school admins have
shifted all important information on the cloud.
Teachers that used to mark attendance through registers are now seen using smartphones for that purpose. Principals who used to print hundreds of handouts and brochures on a daily or weekly basis, can easily circulate important information via the internet portal or the SMS communicator service. Most of the financial records have been automated providing academic institutes with a safe and secure accounts management system.
The digital student archiving system has also made it much easier for admins to locate students in groups or individually via the student ID system. They don’t have to go through stacks of papers or hundreds of excel sheets in order to keep track of a few pupils. Finance department, education department and student enrolment and attendance can all be managed and maintained via cloud-based technology.
How Have The Methods Of Education Changed?
Students
of today want easy access to knowledge and for that, schools and colleges have
started to use internet, ebooks, tablet computers, projector screens and so on.
Teachers that used to give lectures in class are showing children interactive
presentations on projector screens. Children that used to carry heavy textbooks
have started to read from tablet computers.
Instead of distributing schedule handouts, teachers are posting timetables and date sheets on the internet portal. Students on the other hand, also find it easy to view appraisal reports; result cards and all sorts of information via the internet portal improving the overall methods of education. Students that used to visit shops to buy books have started to download ebooks from the internet.
Because of technology, students have become more productive providing schools and college with greater margin to flourish in the education industry. There is absolutely no problem in admitting that technology and education go hand in hand providing the world of education a chance to be more creative and innovative.
All About Danau Toba
Danau
Toba has been part of traveller folklore for decades. This grand ocean-blue
lake, found high up among Sumatra's volcanic peaks, is where the amiable Christian Batak
people reside. The secret of this almost-mythical place was opened up to
travellers by the intrepid, and Tuk Tuk – the village on the lake's inner
island – became as much a highlight for Southeast Asian shoestringers as Haad
Rin and Kuta. It was almost overrun with tourism: wild full-moon parties would
kick off, and travellers in beach-bum mode would get 'stuck' on the island for
months on end. Whilst the travelling world has hardly forgotten about Toba,
those heady party days are certainly a thing of the past. Nowadays the Batak
people continue to warmly open their arms to travellers after a lazy, low-key
lakeside sojourn.
Expect a chorus of
'horas' ('welcome') to greet you at every turn, as the locals quietly
strum away the afternoon on their guitars while passing around a flagon of
jungle juice.
Danau Toba is the largest
lake in Southeast Asia , covering a
massive 1707 sq km. In the middle of this huge expanse is Pulau Samosir, a
wedge-shaped island almost as big as Singapore that was created by an eruption between 30,000
and 75,000 years ago. Well, Bahasa Indonesia calls it an island, but those
visiting the west of Toba will discover that Samosir isn't actually an island
at all. It's linked to the mainland by a narrow isthmus at the town of
Pangururan – and then cut again by a canal.
Directly facing Parapat is
another peninsula occupied by the village of Tuk Tuk, which has Samosir's greatest
concentration of tourist facilities. Tomok, a few kilometres south of Tuk Tuk,
is the main village on the east coast of the island. Pangururan is the largest
town on the west coast.
Introducing Danau Maninjau
The first glimpse of this
perfectly formed volcanic lake sucks your breath away as your dilapidated bus
lurches over the caldera lip and hurtles towards the first of the 44 (yep,
they’re numbered) hairpin bends down to the lakeshore. Monkeys watch your progress
from the crash barriers as the lush rainforest of the heights retreats from the
ever-expanding farms and paddies of the lowlands.
When the traveller tide
receded from Bukit Tinggi, Danau Maninjau was left high and dry. The locals
looked to more sustainable sources of income and aquaculture to fill the void.
Fish farms now dot the lake foreshore.
Ground zero is the
intersection where the Bukit Tinggi highway meets the lake road in the middle of
Maninjau village. Turn left or right and drive 60km and you’ll end up back
here. The lake is 17km long, 8km wide and 460m above sea level. Most places of
interest spread out north along the road to Bayur (3.5km) and beyond. Tell the
conductor where you’re staying and you’ll be dropped off at the right spot.
Indonesia Beyond Bali: Yogyakarta and Lombok Island
Though the island of Bali ranks
unquestionably as the first place of interest to a traveler considering
Indonesia, there are many appealing additional areas to explore, starting with
the great central-Java culture around Yogyakarta and the Muslim island of
Lombok, adjacent to Bali.
Both destinations are easily accessible by air from Bali. It
is advisable to allow for two overnights at each location to plan sufficient
time to explore.
Yogyakarta
The largest Buddhist shrine in the
world, Borobudur, and the Palace of the Sultan of Yogya are the cultural
highpoints of central Java, an area that has nourished major cultures and seen
them extinguished by volcanic upheaval.
Borobudur was literally dug out from under volcanic ash by
the English adventurer, Raffles, in 1814. An eruption in 1006 A.D. and later
pyrotechnic displays wiped out the cultural life of the area and caused the
monument to be buried under three meters of ash. The mammoth size of the
monument, complete with a large frieze describing the life of Buddha, can
occupy hours of traveler time. The monument dates from the ninth century and
consists of 10 terraces with a total of 504 buddhas, 461 of which are still
intact. Borobudur is a symmetrical mantle around a hilltop dome. The ten levels
of the structure suggest the ten stages of the Buddhist cosmic system,
emphasizing the Buddhist tenets that life is suffering, suffering stems from
desire, desire can be controlled by meditation, and life can be made bearable
by good deeds. Near the main monument is an enclosed temple with a 12-foot-high
statue of Buddha. Borobudur is an hour’s drive from Yogyakarta.
Within the city the Palace (called the Kraton) of the Sultan
is a compelling cultural attraction to see. The Sultan still flourishes, though
now with a ceremonial rather than political role. At the palace, built in 1755,
you can see the red and gold pavilion, where the Sultan met his visitors, and
the opulent carriage in which he was transported by 40 bearers. The treasure
room in the Sultan’s palace displays many gold artifacts and a gallery of
paintings and photographs depicting the many Sultans in recent centuries. An
elaborate family tree indicates the lineage going back to the time when the
palace was built.
Yogya, as the city is affectionately called, retains its
leadership role today as the cultural capital of Java, the main island of
Indonesia. Almost a third of the residents of Yogya are university students.
Artistic and craft life gets major attention here.
Among artistic events, be sure to see Javanese dancers and
singers as well as the puppet performances, known as wayang puppets. You will
find that the music, dance, and song of Java exhibit a hypnotic slowness of
movement that contrasts sharply with the spirited and athletic emphasis of
similar dances in Bali. The typical Indonesian orchestra, the gamelan,
consisting of percussion instruments, plays a soft, sensuous rhythm in Java,
unlike the more vigorous melodic lines of Bali. Connoisseurs of Indonesian
dance and music take positions on the merits of both approaches. Segments of
Hindu epics are portrayed with shadow puppets, called wayang puppets, nightly
in Yogya. The puppet stories are tales of virtue and strife, guiding lessons in
life, accompanied by the hallucinogenic music of the gamelan orchestra.
Modern crafts receive ample attention in Yogya, especially
batik fabric design and silver working.
Batik fabric craft can be observed at the batik factories,
where the material can also be purchased as clothing or art hangings. At the
factory you can observe all phases of the complicated batik process, starting
with designing the wood blocks, then wax blocking of the fabric, followed by
hand dyeing of the fabric, and finally a boiling water bath to remove the wax.
Silver production shops show many artisans working in the
typical Javanese style, which amounts to pounding rather than casting the
metal. Even silver wire is pounded to the desired thickness.
That Yogya is the spiritual and cultural heart of Java is no
small claim. Java is the size of New York state, but supports a population of
136 million, a sizable portion of the total 237 million people of Indonesia.
A visitor to Yogya finds oneself immersed in the hustle
and bustle of a developing city, a good illustration of the growth in
productivity that the country of Indonesia enjoys. The main street, Malioboro,
is alive with bicycle taxis and cars. Markets are full of produce and the shops
bulge with merchandise. Children in their school uniforms play soccer on the
fields in front of the Sultan’s Palace. Always, in the background, hovers the
volcano, Merapi, hiccuping a soft plume of volcanic ash, capable of eruption at
any time. There are about 16 active volcanoes in Java in any given year.
Lombok
The Muslim island of Lombok lies
immediately east of Bali and is sometimes portrayed as the Bali of a generation
ago, but Lombok actually possesses a very different character.
The best way to explore Lombok is to take a tour organized by
one of the main tour companies, such as Satriavi. In one day, many high points
of the island can be explored.
The gardens of Narmada are one of the major legacies from the
past. Balinese princes who established control over west Lombok built the
gardens in 1727 as a summer palace.
Balinese dominance in western Lombok left another legacy,
Lingsar Temple, dating from 1710. At Lingsar both Hindu and Muslim services are
held.
The native people of Lombok, called the Sasaks, can be seen
in typical villages, where the subsistence crop is rice and the leisure
industry may be weaving. Some village compounds can be visited. Here you
witness the native Sasak architecture, which consists of a rice storage area on
stilts, off the ground, with the family’s living quarters underneath.
Lombok is famous for its weaving, especially from the village
at Sukarara. Women of the village may toil for a month to produce a single
colorful sarong. A nearby village, Penujak, is noted for mammoth ceramic jars.
The island also boasts some lovely beaches, especially at the southern tip.
Along the way, while taking a day tour, you experience
memorable moments and absorb pleasing views. The luminescent green rice terraces,
the Muslim school girls in their uniforms, the horse-drawn taxis (called
cidomos) that are still an island transport, and the ominous presence of
volcanic mountains linger in memory.
The island also shows a marked Chinese influence, with
Chinese graveyards and Chinese ownership of many of the shops.
Like Bali, Lombok consists of volcanic mountains that have
created a rich alluvial fan at their base. However, unlike Bali, Lombok has
less water and can generate only one rice planting a year, which explains
partly why the island people are somewhat poorer than those on Bali.
For many visitors the comparisons between the two adjacent
islands, Bali and Lombok, prove fascinating. For example, the houses on Bali
resemble small temples, while the houses on Lombok are more traditional units.
The racial stock of Lombok, the Sasaks, is darker than that on Bali and
includes lovely eccentricities, such as long, curly eyelashes. While the
Balinese have been oriented to the mountains and the land, the Sasaks have been
fishermen and traders, sailing their small triangular-sailed boats, prahus,
with their colorful crazy-quilt sails and fish-mouth bows, out to the straits
between the two islands. The daily pageant of these fishing boats going out and
returning is one of the diverting experiences along the west Lombok coast.
Although Bali should be your first destination of choice in
Indonesia, this vast archipelago of 17,000 islands offers many other
attractions. Explore Yogya and Lombok on an extended first visit or during a
repeat trip to the country.
INDONESIAN CULTURE; ARTS AND TRADITIONS
Indonesia is culturally rich. Indonesian art and culture are
intertwined with religion and age-old traditions from the time of early
migrants with Western thoughts brought by Portuguese traders and Dutch
colonists. The basic principles which guide life include the concepts of mutual
assistance or “gotong royong” and consultations or “musyawarah” to arrive at a
consensus or “mufakat” Derived from rural life, this system is still very much
in use in community life throughout the country.
Though the legal system is based on the old Dutch penal code,
social life as well as the rites of passage are founded on customary or “adat”
law which differs from area to area. “Adat” law has a binding impact on
Indonesian life and it may be concluded that this law has been instrumental in
maintaining equal rights for women in the community. Religious influences on
the community are variously evident from island to island.
Intertwined with religion and age-old traditions from the
time of early migrants the art and culture of Indonesia is rich in itself with
Western thoughts brought by Portuguese traders and Dutch colonists. The art and
culture of Indonesia has been shaped around its hundreds of ethnic groups, each
with cultural differences that have shifted over the centuries. Modern-day
Indonesian culture is a fusion of cultural aspects from Arabic, Chinese, Malay
and European sources. Indonesian art and culture has also been influenced from
the ancient trading routes between the Far East and the Middle East leading to
many cultural practices being strongly influenced by a multitude of religions,
including Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism and Islam.
Language
The official language of Indonesia is ‘Indonesian’ or ‘Bahasa
Indonesia’. It’s universally taught in schools and is spoken by nearly every
Indonesian in business, politics, national media, education and academia. The
Indonesians also speak several hundreds of local languages like ‘bahasa daerah’
as their first language. Javanese is also widely used besides other Papuan or
Austronesian languages in a region of just 2.7 million people.
Religion
The government of Indonesia officially recognizes only six
religions, viz Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Protestantism, Catholicism, and
Confucianism. The largest religious group in Indonesia is Islam with almost 86%
of Indonesians being Muslims. Indonesia is also the most populous
Muslim-majority nation in the world.
Literature
Literature
Indonesia has created many internationally famous celebrated
authors. There has also been a long tradition, particularly among ethnically
Malay populations, of impromptu, interactive, verbal composition of poetry
referred to as the ‘pantun’. Pramoedya Ananta Toer, a well-known author won the
Magsaysay Award and was considered for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Chairil
Anwar was also an important figure in the literature world and a member of the
Generation 45 group of authors who were active in the Indonesian independence
movement.
Music
Music
Home to hundreds of forms of music, it plays an important
role in Indonesia’s art and culture. Traces of its origin can be made to the
islands of Java, Sumatra and Bali. ‘Gamelan’ is the traditional music from
Central- and East Java and Bali. Another very popular style of music is
‘Dangdut’ which is accompanied with free dance style. This style first came up
in the 1970s and is quite useful in political campaigns. Other forms of music
include the Keroncong with its roots in Portugal, the soft Sasando music from
West Timor and Degung and Angklung from West Java, which is played with bamboo
instruments.
Dance
The traditional dances depict episodes from the Ramayana and Mahabharata from India. Traditional Javanese and Balinese tinge is also seen in the dance forms of Indonesian art and culture. The highly stylized dances of the courts of Yogyakarta and Surakarta are some of the popular variations. Mythological events of Indonesia are also depicted.
Drama and Theatre
Dance
The traditional dances depict episodes from the Ramayana and Mahabharata from India. Traditional Javanese and Balinese tinge is also seen in the dance forms of Indonesian art and culture. The highly stylized dances of the courts of Yogyakarta and Surakarta are some of the popular variations. Mythological events of Indonesia are also depicted.
Drama and Theatre
The Javanese and Balinese shadow puppet theatre shows ‘wayang
kulit’ displaying several mythological events. A traditional folk theatre,
Randai of the Minangkabau people of West Sumatra, is performed during
ceremonies and festivals. Music, singing, dance, drama and the silat martial
art are all incorporated together and are based on the stories of the legend.
Architecture
Indonesian culture, especially its architecture has been to a great extent dominated and influenced by the Indian, although European influences have also been particularly strong since the nineteenth century. Traditional buildings in Indonesia are built on stilts with oversized saddle roofs which have been the home of the Batak and the Toraja. The Torajan use the buffalo horns, stacked one above another in front of the house as an indication of status. Scenes from the Ramayana adorn the outer walls in different colors. However, Chinese, Arab, and European architectural influences have also been quite significant in Indonesian architecture.
Cuisine
Indonesians distinctive cuisine has been derived from centuries with the influence of the Chinese, European, Middle Eastern and the Indians. The staple food of most Indonesian dishes is rice served with meat and vegetables. Flavors of Vietnamese and Thai food can also be got from the cuisine of Indonesia. Spices, notably chili, and coconut milk are fundamental ingredients in most of the dishes, especially fish and chicken.
Material Art
The arts of Indonesia are many, especially Indonesian paintings which are unique works of art. The intricate and expressive Balinese paintings are quite famous and often express natural scenes and themes from the traditional dances. A long-standing tradition of sculpture can also be seen in the art and culture of Indonesia, some dating back to the Bronze and Iron Ages. Examples of sculpture illustrating the story of the life of Buddha can be seen in the temples of the 8th and the 10th century. Indonesia’s art and culture is also famous for their unique batik, ikat and songket cloth which is even popular today.
Architecture
Indonesian culture, especially its architecture has been to a great extent dominated and influenced by the Indian, although European influences have also been particularly strong since the nineteenth century. Traditional buildings in Indonesia are built on stilts with oversized saddle roofs which have been the home of the Batak and the Toraja. The Torajan use the buffalo horns, stacked one above another in front of the house as an indication of status. Scenes from the Ramayana adorn the outer walls in different colors. However, Chinese, Arab, and European architectural influences have also been quite significant in Indonesian architecture.
Cuisine
Indonesians distinctive cuisine has been derived from centuries with the influence of the Chinese, European, Middle Eastern and the Indians. The staple food of most Indonesian dishes is rice served with meat and vegetables. Flavors of Vietnamese and Thai food can also be got from the cuisine of Indonesia. Spices, notably chili, and coconut milk are fundamental ingredients in most of the dishes, especially fish and chicken.
Material Art
The arts of Indonesia are many, especially Indonesian paintings which are unique works of art. The intricate and expressive Balinese paintings are quite famous and often express natural scenes and themes from the traditional dances. A long-standing tradition of sculpture can also be seen in the art and culture of Indonesia, some dating back to the Bronze and Iron Ages. Examples of sculpture illustrating the story of the life of Buddha can be seen in the temples of the 8th and the 10th century. Indonesia’s art and culture is also famous for their unique batik, ikat and songket cloth which is even popular today.
Unlike some countries art forms in Indonesia are not only
based on folklore, as many were developed in the courts of former kingdoms such
as in Bali, where they are part of religious ceremonies. The famous dance
dramas of Java and Bali are derived from Hindu mythology and often feature
fragments from the Ramayana and Mahabharata Hindu epics.
Highly stylized in movement and costume, dances and the
“wayang” drama are accompanied by a full “gamelan” orchestra comprising
xylophones, drums, gongs, and in some cases string instruments and flutes.
Bamboo xylophones are used in North Sulawesi and the bamboo “angklung”
instruments of West Java are well- known for their unique tinkling notes which
can be adapted to any melody.
The “Wayang kulit” (leather puppets) of Java is performed
with leather puppets held by the puppeteer, who narates the story of one of the
famous episodes of the Hindu epics, the Mahabharata or the Ramayana. It is
performed against a white screen while a lantern in the background casts the
shadows of the characters on the screen, visible from the other side where the
spectators are seated.
The “Wayang Golek” (wooden puppets) of West Java is based on
the same concept. The crafts of Indonesia vary in both medium and art form. As
a whole the people are artistic by nature and express themselves on canvas,
wood, metals, clay and stone. The batik process of waxing and dyeing originated
in Java centuries ago and classic designs have been modified with modern trends
in both pattern and technology. There are several centres of Batik in Java, the
major ones being Yogyakarta, Surakarta, Pekalongan and Cirebon.
Batik is also being produced in some other areas as in Bali
where local designs are incorporated. Other provinces produce hand-woven cloths
of gold and silver threads, silks or cottons with intricate designs. Painting
are numerous all over the country, both traditional and contemporary,
woodcarvings for ornamentation and furniture, silverwork and engraving form
Yogyakarta and Sumatra, filgree from South Sulawesi and Bali with different
styles of clay, sandstone and wood sculptures. These are but a few of the
handicrafts found in Indonesia.
Prambanan Temple
Candi Prambanan is the grandest temple in Java
apart from Borobudur. Located on the Prambanan plain, this sprawling temple
complex sits majestically in an open area about twenty kilometers south of
Mount Merapi, which dominates the horizon. The temple was constructed in the
early ninth century by the Sanjaya dynasty, a flourishing Hindu kingdom that
shared the island with the Buddhist Saliendra dynasty that built Borobudur. The
relationship between the two dynasties is not clear, but one theory maintains
that the Sanjayas constructed Candi Prambanan as a symbol of dynastic power in
response to the construction of Borobudur. However, the Sanjayas do not seem to
have been particularly antagonistic toward , the temple complex is located just
a few hundred meters south of Candi Sewu, a once awe-inspiring marvel of
Buddhist art.
Candi Prambanan is the grandest temple in Java
apart from Borobudur. Located on the Prambanan plain, this sprawling temple
complex sits majestically in an open area about twenty kilometers south of
Mount Merapi, which dominates the horizon. The temple was constructed in the
early ninth century by the Sanjaya dynasty, a flourishing Hindu kingdom that
shared the island with the Buddhist Saliendra dynasty that built Borobudur. The
relationship between the two dynasties is not clear, but one theory maintains
that the Sanjayas constructed Candi Prambanan as a symbol of dynastic power in
response to the construction of Borobudur. However, the Sanjayas do not seem to
have been particularly antagonistic toward , the temple complex is located just
a few hundred meters south of Candi Sewu, a once awe-inspiring marvel of
Buddhist art.Whatever their motives, the Sanjayas certainly constructed Candi Prambanan on a grand scale comparable to Borobudur. In its original form, the temple complex contained over 250 large and small temples. From afar, the temple probably resembled a small city, with a towering core of central spires surrounded by hundreds of subsidiary structures. At the center of this "city" is a square-shaped terrace surrounded by a heavy wall. Gates in the wall are oriented to the four cardinal directions, leading into a middle courtyard surrounded by a much wider wall. Within this zone were once 224 nearly identical temples, each measuring 6 x 6 x 14 meters. Beyond the middle wall was an even larger outer wall that was skewed at an angle to the inner walls. No traces of this wall remain, though parts of it existed as late as the 19th century.
Sumber : http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/indonesia/yogyakarta/prambanan.php
Borobudur Temple
The Borobudur Temple is considered as one
of the seven wonders of the world. This temple is located at Borobudur District,
South of Magelang, Central Java. The expression of experts who
had been studying Borobudur Temple varied someway. Bernet Kempers'
expression was: “Borobudur is Borobudur”, meaning that Borobudur Temple is
very unique in her own way. Nieuwenkamp (an artist) imaginated Borobudur as
“a big lotus flower bud ready to bloom” which was “floating” on a lake. Nieuwenkamp’s imagination
was supported by N. Rangkuti (1987) that from the air, the Borobudur Temple looks
floating. From the geological studies, experts were able to prove that Borobudur area
was one time a big lake. Most of the villages around Borobudur Temple were
at the same altitude, 235 meters above the sea-level. The same altitude included
the Pawon and Mendut temples. Thus the area under 235 meter
altitude was below the lake water level.
Based on the inscription dated 842 AD, Casparis suggested
that Borobudur was one time a place for praying. The inscription
stated a phrase such as: “Kawulan i Bhumi Sambhara”.Kawulan means
the origin of holiness, “bhumi sambhara” is a name of a place in Borobudur.
Paul Mus stated that Borobudur Temple had the
structure of stupa (conical form) with double expression. As a whole,
the Borobudur Temple was an open-flat stupa, but on the
other hand, the temple expressed the idea of a “closed world”. The latter
expression could be felt when one is already inside the temple. Whenever person
is inside the temple, his or her view will be limited to high walls full on
relieves, the verandah is always squared in such a way that one could
not see other parts of the temple, even in a same floor. The same feeling
happened if one stood on arupadhatu round platform, he or she will
have a wider view only on that level, but are not able to see the lower
level nor the upper level like the one on rupadhatu and kamandhatu.
It could be said that Borobudur is a symbol of cosmic mountain
covered by the sky roof, a specific world that could be reached through
isolated alleys as stages. The closed structural design of the temple expressed
the concept of a closed world, not just a technical reasons as had been
suggested by other experts ( Daud AT, 1987)
Borobudur was built by Sanmaratungga in
the 8th century, and belongs to Buddha Mahayana. Borobudur was
revealed by Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles in 1814. The temple was found in ruined
condition and was buried.
The
overall height was 42 meters, but was only 34.5 meters after restoration, and
had the dimension of 123 x 123 meters (15,129 square meters). There were 10
floors. The first floor up to the sixth floor was square form, the
seventh to the tenth floor were round form.
Borobudur is facing to the East with a total of 1460
panels (2 meters wide each). Total size of the temple walls was 2500 square
meters, full of relief. The total number of panels with relief was 1212.
According to investigations, the total number of Buddha statue was 504
including the intact and damaged statues. The temple undergone restoration from
1905 to 1910,and the last restoration was done in 1973 to 1983.
1. Structural Design of Borobudur Temple
Ever since the first excavation, most experts speculated
on the exact shape of the temple. Hoenig, in his book “Das form
problem des Borobudur” speculate that the original form ofBorobudur Temple had
four gates and nine floors. The form of Borobudur Temple is
similar to temples found in Cambodia. According to Parmenteir, the
huge single stupa on top of the temple made the smaller stupas in
the lower part looked drowned. Stutterheim who had been studying stupas in India and
other parts of Asia concluded that the stupa structure was
an Indian origin. The original purpose of stupa building was as
storage of Buddha Gautama and other holy priests cremation
ash.
According
to Stutterheim, the overall form of Borobudur Temple is a
combination of zigurat (middle Asian Pyramid) and Indian stupa. Stutterheim opinion
was supported by the existence of this type of form in Ancient Javanese
literature.
The
relief of Borobudur temple started from the base of the temple up to
the fourth platform. The relieves at the base contained the story of Karmawibhangga.
Under the main panel and above the Karmawibhangga relief, a
wide-sized relief was inscripted at the wall. From this point along
the alley, the relief did not show story in the sequence, but as a repeating
part of the story with the same motives which expressed the world of spiritual
beings such as half demonic body (Gandharwa, giants or Yataka, dragon, Sidha or
angels and their ladies friends,Apsara and Nagi, all of them are
heavenly beings who are tender and beautiful.
Division
of panels are: the first panel expressed a heavenly being in sitting position,
on both side of this panel are small panel with a small standing statue. This
figures are repeated 26 times for each side of the wall. Between the
panels is carved three bodies, a male flanked by two women.
There was a long series of main relieves at the first
alley, either at the main wall or at the inner side of Kutamara wall. Relieves
at the Kutamara wall depicted Jataka's and Awadana's,
a story of Buddha's life which expressed as Bodhisatwa, due to his good
deeds in the past. Sometimes, Buddha is expressed in the form of animals
such as rabbit, monkeys etc. As it was told in animated stories, the story was
adopted from Sanskrit book, Jatakamala. Only one third of the
relieves were known, the rest was still unclear.
The
lower relieves of the main wall contained the same story. The upper relieves
also had the same story as the lower one. The story contained the life of
Buddha consisting of 120 frames until he began teaching Buddha religion. The
first frame began from the South of stairway of the curved gate at the
East, and follow the path of the sun (the temple on the right side). The
life story of Buddha was adopted from Lalitawistara book.
At
the second alley, Jataka and Awadana story were continued
on the inner side of Utamara, and on the main wall, story was began with
stories adopted from Gandhawyuha. This story was so long that it occupied
the main wall and inner side wall of Utamara at the third and fourth
alley. The story showed the adventure of a Sudhana who met Bodhisatwa Maytreya (the
future Buddha) to have religious lesson from the Buddha. Later on, the Sudhana met
with Bodhisatwa Mandjusri, and finally he met with Dyani Bodhisatwa Samanta Badra,
who gave the highest wisdom. Most of those stories expressed the use of spiritual
strength and unusual happenings.
There
were many beautiful ornaments inscripted at the wall of the fourth
alley, because the fifth alley did not contained any ornaments. The
fifth alley is a transitional alley to the next platform, the round platform.
The next round platforms also did not contained any ornaments at all (Kaylan,1959).
t temples.
Thus the area under 235 meter altitude was below the lake water level.
Based
on the inscription dated 842 AD, Casparis suggested that Borobudur was
one time a place for praying. The inscription stated a phrase such
as: “Kawulan i Bhumi Sambhara”. Kawulan means the
origin of holiness, “bhumi sambhara” is a name of a place in Borobudur.
Paul Mus stated that Borobudur Temple had the
structure of stupa (conical form) with double expression. As a whole,
the Borobudur Templewas an open-flat stupa, but on the other
hand, the temple expressed the idea of a “closed world”. The latter expression
could be felt when one is already inside the temple. Whenever person is inside
the temple, his or her view will be limited to high walls full on relieves, the verandah is
always squared in such a way that one could not see other parts of the temple,
even in a same floor. The same feeling happened if one stood on arupadhatu round
platform, he or she will have a wider view only on that level, but are not able
to see the lower level nor the upper level like the one on rupadhatu and kamandhatu.
It could be said that Borobudur is a symbol of cosmic mountain
covered by the sky roof, a specific world that could be reached through
isolated alleys as stages. The closed structural design of the temple expressed
the concept of a closed world, not just a technical reasons as had been
suggested by other experts ( Daud AT, 1987)
Borobudur was
built by Sanmaratungga in the 8th century, and belongs to Buddha
Mahayana. Borobudur was revealed by Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles in
1814. The temple was found in ruined condition and was buried.
The
overall height was 42 meters, but was only 34.5 meters after restoration, and
had the dimension of 123 x 123 meters (15,129 square meters). There were 10
floors. The first floor up to the sixth floor was square form, the
seventh to the tenth floor were round form.
Borobudur is
facing to the East with a total of 1460 panels (2 meters wide each). Total size
of the temple walls was 2500 square meters, full of relief. The total number of
panels with relief was 1212. According to investigations, the total number of
Buddha statue was 504 including the intact and damaged statues. The temple
undergone restoration from 1905 to 1910, and the last restoration was
done in 1973 to 1983.
Sumber
: http://www.emp.pdx.edu/htliono/borobudu.html
Merapi Volcano
Merapi is a stratovolcano with an active summit lava dome.
It is located ~30 km immediately north of Yogyakarta, a city with a population
of 500,000. Merapi has the unfortunate distinction of producing more nuee
ardentes than any other volcano on Earth. The nuee ardentes result from
collapse of the lava dome at the summit. Of the 67 historic eruptions 32 have
had nuee ardentes associated with them. Eleven of these eruptions resulted in
fatalities. Merapi is closely monitored by the Volcanological Survey of
Indonesia. Shortly before this photograph was taken Merapi was generating up to
40 nuee ardentes per day. Photograph by Robert Koyanagi, U.S. Geological
Survey, July 28, 1979.
Rockfall from
the collapse of a lava dome. Photo by Jack Lockwood, U.S. Geological
Survey, September 8, 1982.
Lava dome at
the summit of Merapi. During 1982, the lava dome was growing about
80,000-100,000 cubic meters per month. The dome collapsed in late November,
creating nuee ardentes. Photo by Jack Lockwood, U.S. Geological Survey,
October 17, 1982.
Pyroclastic flow deposit on Merapi. Photo by Jack
Lockwood, U.S. Geological Survey, November 2, 1982.
Kadong school is in the lower left of this photo.
Barriers (just left of the stream valley) have protected the school
fromlahars. In 1979, heavy rainfall mobilized old lahar deposits to create
landslides that travelled as far as 12 miles (20 km) downslope. Eighty people
were killed. Photo by Jack Lockwood, U.S. Geological Survey, September 26,
1982.
In late
November of 1994, collapse of a lava dome at Merapi generated pyroclastic flows
and surges that travelled as far as 5 miles (7.5 km) from the summit. The flows
and surges killed 43 people. The plume associated with the dome collapse rose 6
miles (10 km) above the volcano. Over 6,000 people were evacuated. The eruption
also started fires.
Sumber : http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/merapi
Smoking in the morning
Especially
accompanied by a cup of coffee, has become a ritual that hard to break.
However, these habits seem to need to be stopped from smoking at the beginning
of the day is more dangerous than smoking on the day or night. Research shows
that smoking after waking up would increase the risk of lung cancer, neck and
head. "Morning smokers have high levels of nicotine and other toxins from
tobacco in his body. They are also more addicted than smokers who refrained
from smoking a half hour or so after waking up," said researcher Joshua
Muscat of Penn State College of Medicine. To find out why some smokers get
cancer and not, Muscat and his team examined the link between cancer risk is
there with the habit of first cigarette in the morning.
The first
study involved 4775 patients with lung cancer and 2835 of other smokers without
lung cancer. Those who smoke 30 minutes after waking up 1.79 times higher risk
of suffering from lung cancer than those who waited more than 60 minutes.
Meanwhile, those who smoked 31-60 minutes after waking up had 1.31 times the
risk compared to those who wait at least an hour. The second study involved
1055 people with brain and neck cancer and 795 people who smoked but did not
suffer brain and neck cancer. Those who smoked within 30 minutes when you wake
up 1.59 times the risk of brain and neck cancer compared with those who waited
an hour. The risk of smokers who smoked 31-60 minutes after waking up 1.42
times than those who wait at least an hour.
Batik Indonesia
Batik is Indonesian’s national heritage. Other nations have
cloths that look like Batik. However, on October 2, 2009, UNESCO declared that
batik originates in Indonesia. UNESCO also proclaimed Indonesian batik a
Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. In brief, batik serves
as our national indentify, and it is, indeed, our legacy.
Batik, our beautiful Indonesian traitional cloth, has been
part of Indonesian life. Mothers use a batik sling when they carry their
infant. Men and women wear batik clothes at receptions, ceremonies, and other
formal and social events. They also use batik as casual wear at home and at
places for recreation. When a person dies, people cover him or her with batik
with funerary motifs. In addition, people use batik for home furnishing such as
bed sheets and covers, upholstery, and tablecloths. Bags, shoes, hats, and
other accessories also often use batik patterns. All in all, batik has a rich
symbolism related ti Indonesian society, nature, hostory, and culture.
Sumber :
Jumat, 08 Mei 2015
Perbedaan antara Present Perfect Tense dengan Simple Past Tense
Present perfect tense adalah
suatu tense yang menunjukkan suatu pekerjaan yang telah dikerjakan pada waktu
yang belum lama atau jika sudah lama maka ingin menunjukkan bahwa pelaku
“pernah” melakukannya.
Rumusnya Present Perfect Tense :
Positif: S +
have/has + V3
Negatif: S +
have/sas Not + V3
Tanya: Have/has + S + V3
Nah, setelah Subject (S) maka pakai “have” atau “has” sesuai
pasangannya. Have dalam konteks ini artinya adalah: sudah, telah,
barusan. Yang aneh dalam bahasa inggris Have + ES bukan Haves tetapi HAS. Jadi
pasangannya begini:
He, She, It, John, Merry, Mufli : Has
You, We, They, Ellen and Budi: Have
You, We, They, Ellen and Budi: Have
Contoh:
Contoh Present Perfect Tense
Positif: She has gone (Dia baru saja pergi)
Negatif: She has not gone
Tanya: Has She gone?
Positif: She has gone (Dia baru saja pergi)
Negatif: She has not gone
Tanya: Has She gone?
Simple past tense adalah suatu
tense yang menunjukkan suatu pekerjaan yang terjadi pada masa lampau tanpa
ingin menunjukkan apakah pekerjaan tersebut telah atau sedang dikerjakan.
Rumus Simple Past
Tense
(+) Bentuk Positif :
- Subject + was/were + complement (pelengkap)
- Subject + Verb II + Object
Contoh :
- I saw a movie yesterday
- Last year, Daniel was here
- Subject + was/were + complement (pelengkap)
- Subject + Verb II + Object
Contoh :
- I saw a movie yesterday
- Last year, Daniel was here
(-) Bentuk Negatif
- Subject + to be (was/were) + not + complement
- Subject + did not + Verb I + Object
Contoh :
- I did not see him yesterday
- She was not here yesterday
- Subject + to be (was/were) + not + complement
- Subject + did not + Verb I + Object
Contoh :
- I did not see him yesterday
- She was not here yesterday
Bentuk did not atau was/were not bisa disingkat menjadi
didn’t atau wasn’t dan weren’t
( ? ) Bentuk Interrogative :
- Did + Subject + Verb I + Object + ?
Contoh :
- Did you play football yesterday ?
( ? ) Bentuk Interrogative :
- Did + Subject + Verb I + Object + ?
Contoh :
- Did you play football yesterday ?
Perbedaan lain
antaranya:
Waktu
Perfect perfect tense tidak bisa
menggunakan keterangan waktu lampau karena bentuknya present namun masih
memungkinkan untuk menggunakan masa yang telah lewat tapi masih dalam periode
yang sama. Misalnya minggu ini, hari ini dan lain-lain.
Contoh:
I have sent the packet this week (Aku sudah mengirim paket minggu ini).
Contoh:
I have sent the packet this week (Aku sudah mengirim paket minggu ini).
Sementara keterangan waktu yang
digunakan Simple past tense adalah masa lampau yang lebih spesifik, seperti:
last week, yesterday, at 9 pm last night dan lain sebagainya. Artinya masa pada
suatu periode (hari, minggu, bulan dan lain-lain) sudah berakhir.
Contoh:
I went to Yogya last last year (Aku pergi ke Bali tahun lalu). Waktu yang digunakan adalah tahun lalu (misal tahun 2014) yang tentunya sudah berakhir karena sekarang sudah tahun 2015.
Contoh:
I went to Yogya last last year (Aku pergi ke Bali tahun lalu). Waktu yang digunakan adalah tahun lalu (misal tahun 2014) yang tentunya sudah berakhir karena sekarang sudah tahun 2015.
Modus Akitifitas.
Present perfect tense selain bisa
digunakan untuk menunjukkan pekerjaan yang baru saja selesai, ia juga bisa
digunakan untuk menunjukkan aktifitas pada masa lalu dengan maksud ingin
menunjukkan bahwa pelaku pernah melakukan pekerjaan tersebut pada waktu yang
tidak spesifik.
Contoh:
I have ever gone to Bali with my family (Aku sudah pernah pergi ke Bali bersama keluarga).
Have we met in this place before? (Apakah kita pernah bertemu di sini sebelumnya?)
Contoh:
I have ever gone to Bali with my family (Aku sudah pernah pergi ke Bali bersama keluarga).
Have we met in this place before? (Apakah kita pernah bertemu di sini sebelumnya?)
Sementara Simple past tense hanya
digunakan untuk suatu aktifitas yang terjadi pada masa lampau dengan waktu yang
spesifik tanpa ingin menunjukkan bahwa pekerjaannya pada waktu itu sedang atau
telah dikerjakan.
Contoh:
I called you at 7 a.m yesterday, but you did not pick the phone up (Aku menelponmu pada pukul 7 kemarin pagi tapi kamu tidak mengangkatnya).
Contoh:
I called you at 7 a.m yesterday, but you did not pick the phone up (Aku menelponmu pada pukul 7 kemarin pagi tapi kamu tidak mengangkatnya).
Akibat yang
ditimbulkan.
Present perfect tense untuk
menunjukkan bahwa aktifitasnya baru saja dikerjakan, sehingga akibat yang
ditimbulkan masih bisa dirasakan.
Contoh: Be careful with that door, I have just painted it (hati-hati dengan pintunya, aku baru saja mengecetnya). Artinya karena baru saja dampak dari pengecetan yang baru saja dilakukan, catnya masih basah.
Contoh: Be careful with that door, I have just painted it (hati-hati dengan pintunya, aku baru saja mengecetnya). Artinya karena baru saja dampak dari pengecetan yang baru saja dilakukan, catnya masih basah.
Sementara simple past tense
dampaknya sudah tidak terlalu dirasakan karena sudah lampau.
Contoh: I played football yesterday (aku kemarin bermain bola). Artinya karena sudah kemarin, maka aku sudah tidak begitu merasakan capeknya bermain bola.
Contoh: I played football yesterday (aku kemarin bermain bola). Artinya karena sudah kemarin, maka aku sudah tidak begitu merasakan capeknya bermain bola.
Sumber
Rabu, 06 Mei 2015
Adjective clause
Adjective clause
Adjective
clause merupakan salah satu bagian atau elemen penting yang sering digunakan
dalam bahasa Inggris. Jadi jika kamu ingin memahami teks atau percakapan dalam
bahasa Inggris yang sudah menggunakan tata bahasa yang kompleks, maka kamu
harus menguasai benar cara penggunaan adjective clause. Materi yang satu ini
dibilang kompleks karena ada kalimat di dalam kalimat, sehingga jika kita salah
menentukan subjek utama dan subjek untuk kalimat yang itu adalah adjective
clause, maka bisa mengakibatkan salah paham.
A. Pengertian Adjective Clause.
Lalu apa itu
adjective clause? Adjective clause adalah grammar yang terdiri dari dua kata,
yaitu adjective dan clause. Adjective berfungsi untuk menjelaskan noun (kata
benda) atau pronoun (kata ganti benda). Sedangkan clause adalah kumpulan dua
kata atau lebih yang memiliki subjek tapi belum sempurna sehingga belum bisa
dikatakan kalimat.
Jadi yang
dimaksud dengan adjective clause adalah kumpulan dua kata atau lebih (yang
mengandung subjek dan verb) yang berfungsi sebagai kata sifat (adjective).
Perhatikan contoh di bawah ini:
The girl who
looks sad is reading a novel
(Gadis yang
terlihat sedih itu, sedang membaca novel).
Klausa: who looks sad berupa subjek dan verb yang bertugas sebagai kata sifat yang menjelaskan “The girl”.
Klausa: who looks sad berupa subjek dan verb yang bertugas sebagai kata sifat yang menjelaskan “The girl”.
Rumus Adjective Clause
Independent Clause + Adjective Clause
Adjective Clause:
Relative Pronoun +/- S*+V
Keterangan: *Relative pronoun (who, which, that) dapat berfungsi sebagaisubject jika tidak ada subject.
Fungsi Relative Pronoun pada Adjective Clause
Beberapa fungsi relative pronoun di dalam adjective clause.
*Dapat dihilangkan pada defining relative clause.
Punctuation (Tanda Baca) pada Adjective Clause
Saat menerangkan subject, posisi adjective clause akan berada di tengah kalimat. Klausa tersebut dapat diapit koma ataupun tidak, tergantung pada penting atau tidaknya informasi yang dibawanya. Informasi tersebut dinilai penting (essential/restrictive) jika akan mengubah makna kalimat jika dihilangkan. Pada situasi tersebut, koma tidak digunakan. Klausa yang membawa informasi penting tersebut dinamakan defining clause. Sebaliknya, jika informasi tidak penting (non-essential/non-restrictive) sehingga dapat dihilangkan tanpa merubah makna kalimat, maka koma perlu digunakan. Klausa yang membawa informasi tidak penting tersebut dinamakan non-defining clause.
Contoh Complex Sentence:
· Essential: People who chew well may have healthy digestion.
· Essential: People who chew well may have healthy digestion.
· Non-essential: Yulia, who works out three times a week, has a positive body image.
Contoh Kalimat Adjective Clause
Berikut beberapa contoh kalimat adjective clause.
Berikut beberapa contoh kalimat adjective clause.
Relative
Pronoun
|
Contoh
Kalimat Adjective Clause
|
Keterangan
|
who
|
He is the man who works hard to support their daily needs.
(Dia pria yang bekerja keras untuk menanggung kebutuhan sehari-hari mereka.) |
menerangkan “man” (subject complement)
|
whom
|
The woman whom you saw last night is
my sister.
(Wanita yang kamu lihat tadi malam adalah saudara saya.) |
menerangkan “woman” (subject kalimat)
|
whose
|
The man, whose car is antique, works
as a lecturer.
(The man yang punya mobil antik itu bekerja sebagai dosen.) |
menerangkan “man” (subject kalimat)
|
which
|
Mueeza, which is very faithful, is
my cat.
(Mueeza, yang sangat setia, adalah kucing saya.) |
menerangkan “Mueeza” (subject kalimat)
|
where
(relativ adverb)
|
Bandar Lampung is a city where I was born.
(Bandar Lampung adalah kota dimana saya dilahirkan.) |
menerangkan “city” (subject complement)
|
that
|
It is the car that I have dreamed for many years ago.
(Ini mobil yang telah saya impikan sejak beberapa tahun yang lalu.) |
menerangkan “car”
(subject complement) |
Sumber
http://inggrisonline.com/pengertian-fungsi-rumus-dan-contoh-adjective-clause/ Tenses ( Present Perfect Tense )
Present Perfect Tense
Present perfect tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu aksi atau situasi yang telah dimulai di masa lalu dan masih berlanjut sampai sekarang atau telah selesai pada suatu titik waktu tertentu di masa lalu namun efeknya masih berlanjut.
Fungsi Present Perfect Tense
http://inggrisonline.com/
http://www.wordsmile.com/
Present perfect tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu aksi atau situasi yang telah dimulai di masa lalu dan masih berlanjut sampai sekarang atau telah selesai pada suatu titik waktu tertentu di masa lalu namun efeknya masih berlanjut.
Fungsi Present Perfect Tense
1. Untuk
menunjukkan pekerjaan yang baru saja selesai/telah usai pada saat sekarang.
Karena baru saja selesai, maka efek dari pekerjaan tersebut masih dapat
dirasakan pada saat ini.
Contoh:
Contoh:
·
The sailors have just come back from the
sea.
(Para nelayan baru saja pulang dari laut)
(Para nelayan baru saja pulang dari laut)
·
Look! the pilot has made an acrobatic flight
on the sky.
(Lihat! pilot baru saja membuat akrobat terbang di langit)
(Lihat! pilot baru saja membuat akrobat terbang di langit)
2. Digunakan
untuk menggambarkan suatu pekerjaan yang pernah dilakukan pada masa lalu tanpa
jelas kapan tepatnya kejadian tersebut terjadi.
Contoh:
Contoh:
·
We have met before, don’t we?
(Kita sudah pernah ketemu sebelumnya kan?)
(Kita sudah pernah ketemu sebelumnya kan?)
·
She has paid the bill, but he forgets.
(Dia itu sudah bayar tagihannya, tapi lupa)
(Dia itu sudah bayar tagihannya, tapi lupa)
3. Untuk
menggambarkan suatu pekerjaan yang telah dilakukan berulang-ulang.
Contoh:
Contoh:
·
I have called him eight times, but he didn’t
pick his phone up.
(Aku sudah menelphonnya 8 kali, tapi dia tidak mengangkat telphonnya)
(Aku sudah menelphonnya 8 kali, tapi dia tidak mengangkat telphonnya)
·
My son has woken up for many times tonight.
(Anakku sudah bangun berkali-kali malam ini).
(Anakku sudah bangun berkali-kali malam ini).
Sumber :
http://www.wordsmile.com/
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