Borobudur Temple

The Borobudur Temple is considered as one of the seven wonders of the world. This temple is located at Borobudur District, South of Magelang, Central Java. The expression of experts who had been studying Borobudur Temple varied someway. Bernet Kempers' expression was: “Borobudur is Borobudur”, meaning that Borobudur Temple is very unique in her own way. Nieuwenkamp (an artist) imaginated Borobudur as “a big lotus flower bud ready to bloom” which was “floating” on a lake. Nieuwenkamp’s imagination was supported by N. Rangkuti (1987) that from the air, the Borobudur Temple looks floating. From the geological studies, experts were able to prove that Borobudur area was one time a big lake. Most of the villages around Borobudur Temple were at the same altitude, 235 meters above the sea-level. The same altitude included the Pawon and Mendut temples. Thus the area under 235 meter altitude was below the lake water level.

Based on the inscription dated 842 AD, Casparis suggested that Borobudur was one time a place for praying. The inscription stated a phrase such as: “Kawulan i Bhumi Sambhara”.Kawulan means the origin of holiness, “bhumi sambhara” is a name of a place in Borobudur. Paul Mus stated that Borobudur Temple had the structure of stupa (conical form) with double expression. As a whole, the Borobudur Temple was an open-flat stupa, but on the other hand, the temple expressed the idea of a “closed world”. The latter expression could be felt when one is already inside the temple. Whenever person is inside the temple, his or her view will be limited to high walls full on relieves, the verandah is always squared in such a way that one could not see other parts of the temple, even in a same floor. The same feeling happened if one stood on arupadhatu round platform, he or she will have a wider view only on that level, but are not able to see the lower level nor the upper level like the one on rupadhatu and kamandhatu. It could be said that Borobudur is a symbol of cosmic mountain covered by the sky roof, a specific world that could be reached through isolated alleys as stages. The closed structural design of the temple expressed the concept of a closed world, not just a technical reasons as had been suggested by other experts ( Daud AT, 1987)

Borobudur was built by Sanmaratungga in the 8th century, and belongs to Buddha Mahayana. Borobudur was revealed by Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles in 1814. The temple was found in ruined condition and was buried.

The overall height was 42 meters, but was only 34.5 meters after restoration, and had the dimension of 123 x 123 meters (15,129 square meters). There were 10 floors. The first floor up to the sixth floor was square form, the seventh to the tenth floor were round form.

Borobudur is facing to the East with a total of 1460 panels (2 meters wide each). Total size of the temple walls was 2500 square meters, full of relief. The total number of panels with relief was 1212. According to investigations, the total number of Buddha statue was 504 including the intact and damaged statues. The temple undergone restoration from 1905 to 1910,and the last restoration was done in 1973 to 1983.

1. Structural Design of Borobudur Temple

Ever since the first excavation, most experts speculated on the exact shape of the temple. Hoenig, in his book “Das form problem des Borobudur” speculate that the original form ofBorobudur Temple had four gates and nine floors. The form of Borobudur Temple is similar to temples found in Cambodia. According to Parmenteir, the huge single stupa on top of the temple made the smaller stupas in the lower part looked drowned. Stutterheim who had been studying stupas in India and other parts of Asia concluded that the stupa structure was an Indian origin. The original purpose of stupa building was as storage of Buddha Gautama and other holy priests cremation ash.

According to Stutterheim, the overall form of Borobudur Temple is a combination of zigurat (middle Asian Pyramid) and Indian stupa. Stutterheim opinion was supported by the existence of this type of form in Ancient Javanese literature.

The relief of Borobudur temple started from the base of the temple up to the fourth platform. The relieves at the base contained the story of Karmawibhangga. Under the main panel and above the Karmawibhangga relief, a wide-sized relief was inscripted at the wall. From this point along the alley, the relief did not show story in the sequence, but as a repeating part of the story with the same motives which expressed the world of spiritual beings such as half demonic body (Gandharwa, giants or Yataka, dragon, Sidha or angels and their ladies friends,Apsara and Nagi, all of them are heavenly beings who are tender and beautiful.

Division of panels are: the first panel expressed a heavenly being in sitting position, on both side of this panel are small panel with a small standing statue. This figures are repeated 26 times for each side of the wall. Between the panels is carved three bodies, a male flanked by two women.

2. Relieves at the Walls of the Alley.

There was a long series of main relieves at the first alley, either at the main wall or at the inner side of Kutamara wall. Relieves at the Kutamara wall depicted Jataka's and Awadana's, a story of Buddha's life which expressed as Bodhisatwa, due to his good deeds in the past. Sometimes, Buddha is expressed in the form of animals such as rabbit, monkeys etc. As it was told in animated stories, the story was adopted from Sanskrit book, Jatakamala. Only one third of the relieves were known, the rest was still unclear.

The lower relieves of the main wall contained the same story. The upper relieves also had the same story as the lower one. The story contained the life of Buddha consisting of 120 frames until he began teaching Buddha religion. The first frame began from the South of stairway of the curved gate at the East, and follow the path of the sun (the temple on the right side). The life story of Buddha was adopted from Lalitawistara book.

At the second alley, Jataka and Awadana story were continued on the inner side of Utamara, and on the main wall, story was began with stories adopted from Gandhawyuha. This story was so long that it occupied the main wall and inner side wall of Utamara at the third and fourth alley. The story showed the adventure of a Sudhana who met Bodhisatwa Maytreya (the future Buddha) to have religious lesson from the Buddha. Later on, the Sudhana met with Bodhisatwa Mandjusri, and finally he met with Dyani Bodhisatwa Samanta Badra, who gave the highest wisdom. Most of those stories expressed the use of spiritual strength and unusual happenings.

There were many beautiful ornaments inscripted at the wall of the fourth alley, because the fifth alley did not contained any ornaments. The fifth alley is a transitional alley to the next platform, the round platform. The next round platforms also did not contained any ornaments at all (Kaylan,1959).

t temples. Thus the area under 235 meter altitude was below the lake water level.

Based on the inscription dated 842 AD, Casparis suggested that Borobudur was one time a place for praying. The inscription stated a phrase such as: “Kawulan i Bhumi Sambhara”. Kawulan means the origin of holiness, “bhumi sambhara” is a name of a place in Borobudur. Paul Mus stated that Borobudur Temple had the structure of stupa (conical form) with double expression. As a whole, the Borobudur Templewas an open-flat stupa, but on the other hand, the temple expressed the idea of a “closed world”. The latter expression could be felt when one is already inside the temple. Whenever person is inside the temple, his or her view will be limited to high walls full on relieves, the verandah is always squared in such a way that one could not see other parts of the temple, even in a same floor. The same feeling happened if one stood on arupadhatu round platform, he or she will have a wider view only on that level, but are not able to see the lower level nor the upper level like the one on rupadhatu and kamandhatu. It could be said that Borobudur is a symbol of cosmic mountain covered by the sky roof, a specific world that could be reached through isolated alleys as stages. The closed structural design of the temple expressed the concept of a closed world, not just a technical reasons as had been suggested by other experts ( Daud AT, 1987)

Borobudur was built by Sanmaratungga in the 8th century, and belongs to Buddha Mahayana. Borobudur was revealed by Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles in 1814. The temple was found in ruined condition and was buried.

The overall height was 42 meters, but was only 34.5 meters after restoration, and had the dimension of 123 x 123 meters (15,129 square meters). There were 10 floors. The first floor up to the sixth floor was square form, the seventh to the tenth floor were round form.

Borobudur is facing to the East with a total of 1460 panels (2 meters wide each). Total size of the temple walls was 2500 square meters, full of relief. The total number of panels with relief was 1212. According to investigations, the total number of Buddha statue was 504 including the intact and damaged statues. The temple undergone restoration from 1905 to 1910, and the last restoration was done in 1973 to 1983.

Sumber : http://www.emp.pdx.edu/htliono/borobudu.html

Merapi Volcano

Merapi is a stratovolcano in central Java. Merapi has had 68 historic eruption since 1548. The current eruption began in 1987. Because of Merapi's violent past and its close proximity to Yogyakarta it was designated a Decade Volcano and is the target of increased research efforts. Photo by Jack Lockwood, U.S. Geological Survey, September 6, 1982.

Merapi is a stratovolcano with an active summit lava dome. It is located ~30 km immediately north of Yogyakarta, a city with a population of 500,000. Merapi has the unfortunate distinction of producing more nuee ardentes than any other volcano on Earth. The nuee ardentes result from collapse of the lava dome at the summit. Of the 67 historic eruptions 32 have had nuee ardentes associated with them. Eleven of these eruptions resulted in fatalities. Merapi is closely monitored by the Volcanological Survey of Indonesia. Shortly before this photograph was taken Merapi was generating up to 40 nuee ardentes per day. Photograph by Robert Koyanagi, U.S. Geological Survey, July 28, 1979.

Rockfall from the collapse of a lava dome. Photo by Jack Lockwood, U.S. Geological Survey, September 8, 1982.

Lava dome at the summit of Merapi. During 1982, the lava dome was growing about 80,000-100,000 cubic meters per month. The dome collapsed in late November, creating nuee ardentes. Photo by Jack Lockwood, U.S. Geological Survey, October 17, 1982.

Pyroclastic flow deposit on Merapi. Photo by Jack Lockwood, U.S. Geological Survey, November 2, 1982.

Kadong school is in the lower left of this photo. Barriers (just left of the stream valley) have protected the school fromlahars. In 1979, heavy rainfall mobilized old lahar deposits to create landslides that travelled as far as 12 miles (20 km) downslope. Eighty people were killed. Photo by Jack Lockwood, U.S. Geological Survey, September 26, 1982.

In late November of 1994, collapse of a lava dome at Merapi generated pyroclastic flows and surges that travelled as far as 5 miles (7.5 km) from the summit. The flows and surges killed 43 people. The plume associated with the dome collapse rose 6 miles (10 km) above the volcano. Over 6,000 people were evacuated. The eruption also started fires.

Sumber : http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/merapi

Smoking in the morning

Especially accompanied by a cup of coffee, has become a ritual that hard to break. However, these habits seem to need to be stopped from smoking at the beginning of the day is more dangerous than smoking on the day or night. Research shows that smoking after waking up would increase the risk of lung cancer, neck and head. "Morning smokers have high levels of nicotine and other toxins from tobacco in his body. They are also more addicted than smokers who refrained from smoking a half hour or so after waking up," said researcher Joshua Muscat of Penn State College of Medicine. To find out why some smokers get cancer and not, Muscat and his team examined the link between cancer risk is there with the habit of first cigarette in the morning.

The first study involved 4775 patients with lung cancer and 2835 of other smokers without lung cancer. Those who smoke 30 minutes after waking up 1.79 times higher risk of suffering from lung cancer than those who waited more than 60 minutes. Meanwhile, those who smoked 31-60 minutes after waking up had 1.31 times the risk compared to those who wait at least an hour. The second study involved 1055 people with brain and neck cancer and 795 people who smoked but did not suffer brain and neck cancer. Those who smoked within 30 minutes when you wake up 1.59 times the risk of brain and neck cancer compared with those who waited an hour. The risk of smokers who smoked 31-60 minutes after waking up 1.42 times than those who wait at least an hour.

Batik Indonesia

Batik is Indonesian’s national heritage. Other nations have cloths that look like Batik. However, on October 2, 2009, UNESCO declared that batik originates in Indonesia. UNESCO also proclaimed Indonesian batik a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. In brief, batik serves as our national indentify, and it is, indeed, our legacy.

Batik, our beautiful Indonesian traitional cloth, has been part of Indonesian life. Mothers use a batik sling when they carry their infant. Men and women wear batik clothes at receptions, ceremonies, and other formal and social events. They also use batik as casual wear at home and at places for recreation. When a person dies, people cover him or her with batik with funerary motifs. In addition, people use batik for home furnishing such as bed sheets and covers, upholstery, and tablecloths. Bags, shoes, hats, and other accessories also often use batik patterns. All in all, batik has a rich symbolism related ti Indonesian society, nature, hostory, and culture.

Sumber : 

Perbedaan antara Present Perfect Tense dengan Simple Past Tense

Present perfect tense adalah suatu tense yang menunjukkan suatu pekerjaan yang telah dikerjakan pada waktu yang belum lama atau jika sudah lama maka ingin menunjukkan bahwa pelaku “pernah” melakukannya.

Rumusnya Present Perfect Tense :

Positif: S + have/has + V3

Negatif: S + have/sas Not + V3

Tanya:   Have/has + S + V3

Nah, setelah Subject (S) maka pakai “have” atau “has” sesuai pasangannya. Have dalam konteks ini artinya adalah: sudah, telah, barusan. Yang aneh dalam bahasa inggris Have + ES bukan Haves tetapi HAS. Jadi pasangannya begini:

He, She, It, John, Merry, Mufli : Has
You, We, They, Ellen and Budi: Have

Contoh:

Contoh Present Perfect Tense
Positif: She has gone (Dia baru saja pergi)
Negatif: She has not gone
Tanya: Has She gone?

Simple past tense adalah suatu tense yang menunjukkan suatu pekerjaan yang terjadi pada masa lampau tanpa ingin menunjukkan apakah pekerjaan tersebut telah atau sedang dikerjakan.

Rumus Simple Past Tense

(+) Bentuk Positif :
- Subject + was/were + complement (pelengkap)
- Subject + Verb II + Object
Contoh :
- I saw a movie yesterday
- Last year, Daniel was here

(-) Bentuk Negatif
- Subject + to be (was/were) + not + complement
- Subject + did not + Verb I + Object
Contoh :
- I did not see him yesterday
- She was not here yesterday

Bentuk did not atau was/were not bisa disingkat menjadi didn’t atau wasn’t dan weren’t
( ? ) Bentuk Interrogative :
- Did + Subject + Verb I + Object + ?
Contoh :
- Did you play football yesterday ?

Perbedaan lain antaranya:

Waktu

Perfect perfect tense tidak bisa menggunakan keterangan waktu lampau karena bentuknya present namun masih memungkinkan untuk menggunakan masa yang telah lewat tapi masih dalam periode yang sama. Misalnya minggu ini, hari ini dan lain-lain.
Contoh:
I have sent the packet this week (Aku sudah mengirim paket minggu ini).

Sementara keterangan waktu yang digunakan Simple past tense adalah masa lampau yang lebih spesifik, seperti: last week, yesterday, at 9 pm last night dan lain sebagainya. Artinya masa pada suatu periode (hari, minggu, bulan dan lain-lain) sudah berakhir.
Contoh:
I went to Yogya last last year (Aku pergi ke Bali tahun lalu). Waktu yang digunakan adalah tahun lalu (misal tahun 2014)  yang tentunya sudah berakhir karena sekarang sudah tahun 2015.

Modus Akitifitas.

Present perfect tense selain bisa digunakan untuk menunjukkan pekerjaan yang baru saja selesai, ia juga bisa digunakan untuk menunjukkan aktifitas pada masa lalu dengan maksud ingin menunjukkan bahwa pelaku pernah melakukan pekerjaan tersebut pada waktu yang tidak spesifik.
Contoh:
I have ever gone to Bali with my family (Aku sudah pernah pergi ke Bali bersama keluarga).
Have we met in this place before? (Apakah kita pernah bertemu di sini sebelumnya?)

Sementara Simple past tense hanya digunakan untuk suatu aktifitas yang terjadi pada masa lampau dengan waktu yang spesifik tanpa ingin menunjukkan bahwa pekerjaannya pada waktu itu sedang atau telah dikerjakan.
Contoh:
I called you at 7 a.m yesterday, but you did not pick the phone up (Aku menelponmu pada pukul 7 kemarin pagi tapi kamu tidak mengangkatnya).

Akibat yang ditimbulkan.

Present perfect tense untuk menunjukkan bahwa aktifitasnya baru saja dikerjakan, sehingga akibat yang ditimbulkan masih bisa dirasakan.
Contoh: Be careful with that door, I have just painted it (hati-hati dengan pintunya, aku baru saja mengecetnya). Artinya karena baru saja dampak dari pengecetan yang baru saja dilakukan, catnya masih basah.

Sementara simple past tense dampaknya sudah tidak terlalu dirasakan karena sudah lampau.
Contoh: I played football yesterday (aku kemarin bermain bola). Artinya karena sudah kemarin, maka aku sudah tidak begitu merasakan capeknya bermain bola.

Sumber

http://inggrisonline.com/perbedaan-simple-past-tense-dan-present-perfect-tense/

http://www.belajaringgris.net/simple-past-tense-800.html

Adjective clause

Adjective clause

Adjective clause merupakan salah satu bagian atau elemen penting yang sering digunakan dalam bahasa Inggris. Jadi jika kamu ingin memahami teks atau percakapan dalam bahasa Inggris yang sudah menggunakan tata bahasa yang kompleks, maka kamu harus menguasai benar cara penggunaan adjective clause. Materi yang satu ini dibilang kompleks karena ada kalimat di dalam kalimat, sehingga jika kita salah menentukan subjek utama dan subjek untuk kalimat yang itu adalah adjective clause, maka bisa mengakibatkan salah paham.

A. Pengertian Adjective Clause.

Lalu apa itu adjective clause? Adjective clause adalah grammar yang terdiri dari dua kata, yaitu adjective dan clause. Adjective berfungsi untuk menjelaskan noun (kata benda) atau pronoun (kata ganti benda). Sedangkan clause adalah kumpulan dua kata atau lebih yang memiliki subjek tapi belum sempurna sehingga belum bisa dikatakan kalimat.

Jadi yang dimaksud dengan adjective clause adalah kumpulan dua kata atau lebih (yang mengandung subjek dan verb) yang berfungsi sebagai kata sifat (adjective). Perhatikan contoh di bawah ini:

The girl who looks sad is reading a novel 

(Gadis yang terlihat sedih itu, sedang membaca novel).
Klausa: who looks sad berupa subjek dan verb yang bertugas sebagai kata sifat yang menjelaskan “The girl”.

Rumus Adjective Clause

Complex Sentence:

Independent Clause + Adjective Clause

Adjective Clause:

Relative Pronoun +/- S*+V

Keterangan: *Relative pronoun (who, which, that) dapat berfungsi sebagaisubject jika tidak ada subject.

Fungsi Relative Pronoun pada Adjective Clause

Beberapa fungsi relative pronoun di dalam adjective clause.



*Dapat dihilangkan pada defining relative clause.

Punctuation (Tanda Baca) pada Adjective Clause

Saat menerangkan subject, posisi adjective clause akan berada di tengah kalimat. Klausa tersebut dapat diapit koma ataupun tidak, tergantung pada penting atau tidaknya informasi yang dibawanya. Informasi tersebut dinilai penting (essential/restrictive) jika akan mengubah makna kalimat jika dihilangkan. Pada situasi tersebut, koma tidak digunakan. Klausa yang membawa informasi penting tersebut dinamakan defining clause. Sebaliknya, jika informasi tidak penting (non-essential/non-restrictive) sehingga dapat dihilangkan tanpa merubah makna kalimat, maka koma perlu digunakan. Klausa yang membawa informasi tidak penting tersebut dinamakan non-defining clause.

Contoh Complex Sentence:

· Essential: People who chew well may have healthy digestion.

· Non-essential: Yulia, who works out three times a week, has a positive body image.

Contoh Kalimat Adjective Clause

Berikut beberapa contoh kalimat adjective clause.

Relative Pronoun	Contoh Kalimat Adjective Clause	Keterangan
who	He is the man who works hard to support their daily needs. (Dia pria yang bekerja keras untuk menanggung kebutuhan sehari-hari mereka.)	menerangkan “man” (subject complement)
whom	The woman whom you saw last night is my sister. (Wanita yang kamu lihat tadi malam adalah saudara saya.)	menerangkan “woman” (subject kalimat)
whose	The man, whose car is antique, works as a lecturer. (The man yang punya mobil antik itu bekerja sebagai dosen.)	menerangkan “man” (subject kalimat)
which	Mueeza, which is very faithful, is my cat. (Mueeza, yang sangat setia, adalah kucing saya.)	menerangkan “Mueeza” (subject kalimat)
where (relativ adverb)	Bandar Lampung is a city where I was born. (Bandar Lampung adalah kota dimana saya dilahirkan.)	menerangkan “city” (subject complement)
that	It is the car that I have dreamed for many years ago. (Ini mobil yang telah saya impikan sejak beberapa tahun yang lalu.)	menerangkan “car” (subject complement)

Sumber 

http://inggrisonline.com/pengertian-fungsi-rumus-dan-contoh-adjective-clause/

Tenses ( Present Perfect Tense )

Present Perfect Tense

Present perfect tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu aksi atau situasi yang telah dimulai di masa lalu dan masih berlanjut sampai sekarang atau telah selesai pada suatu titik waktu tertentu di masa lalu namun efeknya masih berlanjut.

Fungsi Present Perfect Tense

1.      Untuk menunjukkan pekerjaan yang baru saja selesai/telah usai pada saat sekarang. Karena baru saja selesai, maka efek dari pekerjaan tersebut masih dapat dirasakan pada saat ini.
Contoh:

·         The sailors have just come back from the sea.
(Para nelayan baru saja pulang dari laut)

·         Look! the pilot has made an acrobatic flight on the sky.
(Lihat! pilot baru saja membuat akrobat terbang di langit)

2.      Digunakan untuk menggambarkan suatu pekerjaan yang pernah dilakukan pada masa lalu tanpa jelas kapan tepatnya kejadian tersebut terjadi.
Contoh:

·         We have met before, don’t we?
(Kita sudah pernah ketemu sebelumnya kan?)

·         She has paid the bill, but he forgets.
(Dia itu sudah bayar tagihannya, tapi lupa)

3.      Untuk menggambarkan suatu pekerjaan yang telah dilakukan berulang-ulang.
Contoh:

·         I have called him eight times, but he didn’t pick his phone up.
(Aku sudah menelphonnya 8 kali, tapi dia tidak mengangkat telphonnya)

·         My son has woken up for many times tonight.
(Anakku sudah bangun berkali-kali malam ini).

Sumber :

http://inggrisonline.com/
http://www.wordsmile.com/