Selasa, 14 Juli 2015

What Kind of Job I Want After I Graduate From University

Before i come in campus, I have ambition,  become  a man that helpful,  and make happy family because my family hopeful a children get studied until fresh graduated from college, and also my high school about network technology and then i'm begin liked this study.

IT professional is my favourit jobs, because IT is jobs challenge and need high skill, but to getting this job not easy. need spesial skill  to work in here. in the world IT must have focus and priority, consisten, motivated, understand prosedure and want grow. become profesional must balance with his knowledge.

Because i am fresh graduated from faculty computer science and technology information making it suitable for jobs IT. I want the work in the technology company and developing company,  type of work i like is tecnhnical engineer and networking engineer or all a job of field technology

Technical engineer  that is, those who are involved in the fields of engineering,  regarding maintenance and repair of computer system devices. while networking engineer is the people who work in technical fields of computer network maintenance until his troubleshooting or be the one describing the problem to the user as a helpdesk to be able to portray roughly what errors or problems being faced by the user so as to accelerate the process of completion problems or issues.

The technology IT grow fast that's makes me spirit could work after graduate later.
But not every jobs as above that i ambition, only god that determine our life.


I hope my dream can come true, because success begins from a dream, and i hope can happy my family , I believe it. lets pray that to achieve our dream .


thanks for your attention

Sabtu, 09 Mei 2015

How Technology and Education Can Save the World

There is no denying about technology empowering the world in every way possible. Ranging from a little child to a grown up adult, everybody is dependent on science and technology one way or another. According to some people, it’s a bad thing to depend too much on gadgets and computers but in spite of that, we choose to rely on the conveniences of science on a daily basis. On the whole, all minor and major technological up-gradations have helped individuals and offices do multi-tasking with ease. When it comes to the education sector, something of the smilar nature can be seen happening.


Schools and colleges across the world have embraced technology by bringing onlineschool software into the system. Today, technology and education are going hand in hand by providing academic institutes with an easy way to manage and control the system. The traditional methods have started to vanish from the face of earth providing academic institutes with an easy way to not just manage and control schools, but also provide students
with interactive technological amenities.

How Have The Methods Of Administration Transformed?
There was a time when principals used to maintain manual book keeping for all kinds of financial transactions and academic records. Admins and teachers had to prepare all important information via the pen and paper approach. School staff had to go through every little detail in order to locate important information on a daily basis. That is not the case anymore because school admins have shifted all important information on the cloud.

Teachers that used to mark attendance through registers are now seen using smartphones for that purpose. Principals who used to print hundreds of handouts and brochures on a daily or weekly basis, can easily circulate important information via the internet portal or the SMS communicator service. Most of the financial records have been automated providing academic institutes with a safe and secure accounts management system.

The digital student archiving system has also made it much easier for admins to locate students in groups or individually via the student ID system. They don’t have to go through stacks of papers or hundreds of excel sheets in order to keep track of a few pupils. Finance department, education department and student enrolment and attendance can all be managed and maintained via cloud-based technology.    

How Have The Methods Of Education Changed?

Students of today want easy access to knowledge and for that, schools and colleges have started to use internet, ebooks, tablet computers, projector screens and so on. Teachers that used to give lectures in class are showing children interactive presentations on projector screens. Children that used to carry heavy textbooks have started to read from tablet computers.

Instead of distributing schedule handouts, teachers are posting timetables and date sheets on the internet portal. Students on the other hand, also find it easy to view appraisal reports; result cards and all sorts of information via the internet portal improving the overall methods of education. Students that used to visit shops to buy books have started to download ebooks from the internet.

Because of technology, students have become more productive providing schools and college with greater margin to flourish in the education industry. There is absolutely no problem in admitting that technology and education go hand in hand providing the world of education a chance to be more creative and innovative.  


All About Danau Toba


Danau Toba has been part of traveller folklore for decades. This grand ocean-blue lake, found high up among Sumatra's volcanic peaks, is where the amiable Christian Batak people reside. The secret of this almost-mythical place was opened up to travellers by the intrepid, and Tuk Tuk – the village on the lake's inner island – became as much a highlight for Southeast Asian shoestringers as Haad Rin and Kuta. It was almost overrun with tourism: wild full-moon parties would kick off, and travellers in beach-bum mode would get 'stuck' on the island for months on end. Whilst the travelling world has hardly forgotten about Toba, those heady party days are certainly a thing of the past. Nowadays the Batak people continue to warmly open their arms to travellers after a lazy, low-key lakeside sojourn.

          Expect a chorus of 'horas' ('welcome') to greet you at every turn, as the locals quietly strum away the afternoon on their guitars while passing around a flagon of jungle juice.
Danau Toba is the largest lake in Southeast Asia , covering a massive 1707 sq km. In the middle of this huge expanse is Pulau Samosir, a wedge-shaped island almost as big as Singapore that was created by an eruption between 30,000 and 75,000 years ago. Well, Bahasa Indonesia calls it an island, but those visiting the west of Toba will discover that Samosir isn't actually an island at all. It's linked to the mainland by a narrow isthmus at the town of Pangururan – and then cut again by a canal.
Directly facing Parapat is another peninsula occupied by the village of Tuk Tuk, which has Samosir's greatest concentration of tourist facilities. Tomok, a few kilometres south of Tuk Tuk, is the main village on the east coast of the island. Pangururan is the largest town on the west coast.

Introducing Danau Maninjau



The first glimpse of this perfectly formed volcanic lake sucks your breath away as your dilapidated bus lurches over the caldera lip and hurtles towards the first of the 44 (yep, they’re numbered) hairpin bends down to the lakeshore. Monkeys watch your progress from the crash barriers as the lush rainforest of the heights retreats from the ever-expanding farms and paddies of the lowlands.
When the traveller tide receded from Bukit Tinggi, Danau Maninjau was left high and dry. The locals looked to more sustainable sources of income and aquaculture to fill the void. Fish farms now dot the lake foreshore.


Ground zero is the intersection where the Bukit Tinggi highway meets the lake road in the middle of Maninjau village. Turn left or right and drive 60km and you’ll end up back here. The lake is 17km long, 8km wide and 460m above sea level. Most places of interest spread out north along the road to Bayur (3.5km) and beyond. Tell the conductor where you’re staying and you’ll be dropped off at the right spot.


Indonesia Beyond Bali: Yogyakarta and Lombok Island

Though the island of Bali ranks unquestionably as the first place of interest to a traveler considering Indonesia, there are many appealing additional areas to explore, starting with the great central-Java culture around Yogyakarta and the Muslim island of Lombok, adjacent to Bali.
Both destinations are easily accessible by air from Bali. It is advisable to allow for two overnights at each location to plan sufficient time to explore.
Yogyakarta
The largest Buddhist shrine in the world, Borobudur, and the Palace of the Sultan of Yogya are the cultural highpoints of central Java, an area that has nourished major cultures and seen them extinguished by volcanic upheaval.
Borobudur was literally dug out from under volcanic ash by the English adventurer, Raffles, in 1814. An eruption in 1006 A.D. and later pyrotechnic displays wiped out the cultural life of the area and caused the monument to be buried under three meters of ash. The mammoth size of the monument, complete with a large frieze describing the life of Buddha, can occupy hours of traveler time. The monument dates from the ninth century and consists of 10 terraces with a total of 504 buddhas, 461 of which are still intact. Borobudur is a symmetrical mantle around a hilltop dome. The ten levels of the structure suggest the ten stages of the Buddhist cosmic system, emphasizing the Buddhist tenets that life is suffering, suffering stems from desire, desire can be controlled by meditation, and life can be made bearable by good deeds. Near the main monument is an enclosed temple with a 12-foot-high statue of Buddha. Borobudur is an hour’s drive from Yogyakarta.
Within the city the Palace (called the Kraton) of the Sultan is a compelling cultural attraction to see. The Sultan still flourishes, though now with a ceremonial rather than political role. At the palace, built in 1755, you can see the red and gold pavilion, where the Sultan met his visitors, and the opulent carriage in which he was transported by 40 bearers. The treasure room in the Sultan’s palace displays many gold artifacts and a gallery of paintings and photographs depicting the many Sultans in recent centuries. An elaborate family tree indicates the lineage going back to the time when the palace was built.
Yogya, as the city is affectionately called, retains its leadership role today as the cultural capital of Java, the main island of Indonesia. Almost a third of the residents of Yogya are university students. Artistic and craft life gets major attention here.
Among artistic events, be sure to see Javanese dancers and singers as well as the puppet performances, known as wayang puppets. You will find that the music, dance, and song of Java exhibit a hypnotic slowness of movement that contrasts sharply with the spirited and athletic emphasis of similar dances in Bali. The typical Indonesian orchestra, the gamelan, consisting of percussion instruments, plays a soft, sensuous rhythm in Java, unlike the more vigorous melodic lines of Bali. Connoisseurs of Indonesian dance and music take positions on the merits of both approaches. Segments of Hindu epics are portrayed with shadow puppets, called wayang puppets, nightly in Yogya. The puppet stories are tales of virtue and strife, guiding lessons in life, accompanied by the hallucinogenic music of the gamelan orchestra.
Modern crafts receive ample attention in Yogya, especially batik fabric design and silver working.
Batik fabric craft can be observed at the batik factories, where the material can also be purchased as clothing or art hangings. At the factory you can observe all phases of the complicated batik process, starting with designing the wood blocks, then wax blocking of the fabric, followed by hand dyeing of the fabric, and finally a boiling water bath to remove the wax.
Silver production shops show many artisans working in the typical Javanese style, which amounts to pounding rather than casting the metal. Even silver wire is pounded to the desired thickness.
That Yogya is the spiritual and cultural heart of Java is no small claim. Java is the size of New York state, but supports a population of 136 million, a sizable portion of the total 237 million people of Indonesia.
A visitor to Yogya finds oneself  immersed in the hustle and bustle of a developing city, a good illustration of the growth in productivity that the country of Indonesia enjoys. The main street, Malioboro, is alive with bicycle taxis and cars. Markets are full of produce and the shops bulge with merchandise. Children in their school uniforms play soccer on the fields in front of the Sultan’s Palace. Always, in the background, hovers the volcano, Merapi, hiccuping a soft plume of volcanic ash, capable of eruption at any time. There are about 16 active volcanoes in Java in any given year.
Lombok
The Muslim island of Lombok lies immediately east of Bali and is sometimes portrayed as the Bali of a generation ago, but Lombok actually possesses a very different character.
The best way to explore Lombok is to take a tour organized by one of the main tour companies, such as Satriavi. In one day, many high points of the island can be explored.
The gardens of Narmada are one of the major legacies from the past. Balinese princes who established control over west Lombok built the gardens in 1727 as a summer palace.
Balinese dominance in western Lombok left another legacy, Lingsar Temple, dating from 1710. At Lingsar both Hindu and Muslim services are held.
The native people of Lombok, called the Sasaks, can be seen in typical villages, where the subsistence crop is rice and the leisure industry may be weaving. Some village compounds can be visited. Here you witness the native Sasak architecture, which consists of a rice storage area on stilts, off the ground, with the family’s living quarters underneath.
Lombok is famous for its weaving, especially from the village at Sukarara. Women of the village may toil for a month to produce a single colorful sarong. A nearby village, Penujak, is noted for mammoth ceramic jars. The island also boasts some lovely beaches, especially at the southern tip.
Along the way, while taking a day tour, you experience memorable moments and absorb pleasing views. The luminescent green rice terraces, the Muslim school girls in their uniforms, the horse-drawn taxis (called cidomos) that are still an island transport, and the ominous presence of volcanic mountains linger in memory.
The island also shows a marked Chinese influence, with Chinese graveyards and Chinese ownership of many of the shops.
Like Bali, Lombok consists of volcanic mountains that have created a rich alluvial fan at their base. However, unlike Bali, Lombok has less water and can generate only one rice planting a year, which explains partly why the island people are somewhat poorer than those on Bali.
For many visitors the comparisons between the two adjacent islands, Bali and Lombok, prove fascinating. For example, the houses on Bali resemble small temples, while the houses on Lombok are more traditional units. The racial stock of Lombok, the Sasaks, is darker than that on Bali and includes lovely eccentricities, such as long, curly eyelashes. While the Balinese have been oriented to the mountains and the land, the Sasaks have been fishermen and traders, sailing their small triangular-sailed boats, prahus, with their colorful crazy-quilt sails and fish-mouth bows, out to the straits between the two islands. The daily pageant of these fishing boats going out and returning is one of the diverting experiences along the west Lombok coast.
Although Bali should be your first destination of choice in Indonesia, this vast archipelago of 17,000 islands offers many other attractions. Explore Yogya and Lombok on an extended first visit or during a repeat trip to the country.


INDONESIAN CULTURE; ARTS AND TRADITIONS

Indonesia is culturally rich. Indonesian art and culture are intertwined with religion and age-old traditions from the time of early migrants with Western thoughts brought by Portuguese traders and Dutch colonists. The basic principles which guide life include the concepts of mutual assistance or “gotong royong” and consultations or “musyawarah” to arrive at a consensus or “mufakat” Derived from rural life, this system is still very much in use in community life throughout the country.
Though the legal system is based on the old Dutch penal code, social life as well as the rites of passage are founded on customary or “adat” law which differs from area to area. “Adat” law has a binding impact on Indonesian life and it may be concluded that this law has been instrumental in maintaining equal rights for women in the community. Religious influences on the community are variously evident from island to island.
Intertwined with religion and age-old traditions from the time of early migrants the art and culture of Indonesia is rich in itself with Western thoughts brought by Portuguese traders and Dutch colonists. The art and culture of Indonesia has been shaped around its hundreds of ethnic groups, each with cultural differences that have shifted over the centuries. Modern-day Indonesian culture is a fusion of cultural aspects from Arabic, Chinese, Malay and European sources. Indonesian art and culture has also been influenced from the ancient trading routes between the Far East and the Middle East leading to many cultural practices being strongly influenced by a multitude of religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism and Islam.

Language
The official language of Indonesia is ‘Indonesian’ or ‘Bahasa Indonesia’. It’s universally taught in schools and is spoken by nearly every Indonesian in business, politics, national media, education and academia. The Indonesians also speak several hundreds of local languages like ‘bahasa daerah’ as their first language. Javanese is also widely used besides other Papuan or Austronesian languages in a region of just 2.7 million people.

Religion
The government of Indonesia officially recognizes only six religions, viz Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Protestantism, Catholicism, and Confucianism. The largest religious group in Indonesia is Islam with almost 86% of Indonesians being Muslims. Indonesia is also the most populous Muslim-majority nation in the world.


Literature
Indonesia has created many internationally famous celebrated authors. There has also been a long tradition, particularly among ethnically Malay populations, of impromptu, interactive, verbal composition of poetry referred to as the ‘pantun’. Pramoedya Ananta Toer, a well-known author won the Magsaysay Award and was considered for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Chairil Anwar was also an important figure in the literature world and a member of the Generation 45 group of authors who were active in the Indonesian independence movement.


Music
Home to hundreds of forms of music, it plays an important role in Indonesia’s art and culture. Traces of its origin can be made to the islands of Java, Sumatra and Bali. ‘Gamelan’ is the traditional music from Central- and East Java and Bali. Another very popular style of music is ‘Dangdut’ which is accompanied with free dance style. This style first came up in the 1970s and is quite useful in political campaigns. Other forms of music include the Keroncong with its roots in Portugal, the soft Sasando music from West Timor and Degung and Angklung from West Java, which is played with bamboo instruments.


Dance
The traditional dances depict episodes from the Ramayana and Mahabharata from India. Traditional Javanese and Balinese tinge is also seen in the dance forms of Indonesian art and culture. The highly stylized dances of the courts of Yogyakarta and Surakarta are some of the popular variations. Mythological events of Indonesia are also depicted.


Drama and Theatre
The Javanese and Balinese shadow puppet theatre shows ‘wayang kulit’ displaying several mythological events. A traditional folk theatre, Randai of the Minangkabau people of West Sumatra, is performed during ceremonies and festivals. Music, singing, dance, drama and the silat martial art are all incorporated together and are based on the stories of the legend.


Architecture
Indonesian culture, especially its architecture has been to a great extent dominated and influenced by the Indian, although European influences have also been particularly strong since the nineteenth century. Traditional buildings in Indonesia are built on stilts with oversized saddle roofs which have been the home of the Batak and the Toraja. The Torajan use the buffalo horns, stacked one above another in front of the house as an indication of status. Scenes from the Ramayana adorn the outer walls in different colors. However, Chinese, Arab, and European architectural influences have also been quite significant in Indonesian architecture.


Cuisine
Indonesians distinctive cuisine has been derived from centuries with the influence of the Chinese, European, Middle Eastern and the Indians. The staple food of most Indonesian dishes is rice served with meat and vegetables. Flavors of Vietnamese and Thai food can also be got from the cuisine of Indonesia. Spices, notably chili, and coconut milk are fundamental ingredients in most of the dishes, especially fish and chicken.


Material Art
The arts of Indonesia are many, especially Indonesian paintings which are unique works of art. The intricate and expressive Balinese paintings are quite famous and often express natural scenes and themes from the traditional dances. A long-standing tradition of sculpture can also be seen in the art and culture of Indonesia, some dating back to the Bronze and Iron Ages. Examples of sculpture illustrating the story of the life of Buddha can be seen in the temples of the 8th and the 10th century. Indonesia’s art and culture is also famous for their unique batik, ikat and songket cloth which is even popular today.
Unlike some countries art forms in Indonesia are not only based on folklore, as many were developed in the courts of former kingdoms such as in Bali, where they are part of religious ceremonies. The famous dance dramas of Java and Bali are derived from Hindu mythology and often feature fragments from the Ramayana and Mahabharata Hindu epics.
Highly stylized in movement and costume, dances and the “wayang” drama are accompanied by a full “gamelan” orchestra comprising xylophones, drums, gongs, and in some cases string instruments and flutes. Bamboo xylophones are used in North Sulawesi and the bamboo “angklung” instruments of West Java are well- known for their unique tinkling notes which can be adapted to any melody.
The “Wayang kulit” (leather puppets) of Java is performed with leather puppets held by the puppeteer, who narates the story of one of the famous episodes of the Hindu epics, the Mahabharata or the Ramayana. It is performed against a white screen while a lantern in the background casts the shadows of the characters on the screen, visible from the other side where the spectators are seated.
The “Wayang Golek” (wooden puppets) of West Java is based on the same concept. The crafts of Indonesia vary in both medium and art form. As a whole the people are artistic by nature and express themselves on canvas, wood, metals, clay and stone. The batik process of waxing and dyeing originated in Java centuries ago and classic designs have been modified with modern trends in both pattern and technology. There are several centres of Batik in Java, the major ones being Yogyakarta, Surakarta, Pekalongan and Cirebon.
Batik is also being produced in some other areas as in Bali where local designs are incorporated. Other provinces produce hand-woven cloths of gold and silver threads, silks or cottons with intricate designs. Painting are numerous all over the country, both traditional and contemporary, woodcarvings for ornamentation and furniture, silverwork and engraving form Yogyakarta and Sumatra, filgree from South Sulawesi and Bali with different styles of clay, sandstone and wood sculptures. These are but a few of the handicrafts found in Indonesia.


Prambanan Temple

Candi Prambanan is the grandest temple in Java apart from Borobudur. Located on the Prambanan plain, this sprawling temple complex sits majestically in an open area about twenty kilometers south of Mount Merapi, which dominates the horizon. The temple was constructed in the early ninth century by the Sanjaya dynasty, a flourishing Hindu kingdom that shared the island with the Buddhist Saliendra dynasty that built Borobudur. The relationship between the two dynasties is not clear, but one theory maintains that the Sanjayas constructed Candi Prambanan as a symbol of dynastic power in response to the construction of Borobudur. However, the Sanjayas do not seem to have been particularly antagonistic toward , the temple complex is located just a few hundred meters south of Candi Sewu, a once awe-inspiring marvel of Buddhist art.



Whatever their motives, the Sanjayas certainly constructed Candi Prambanan on a grand scale comparable to Borobudur. In its original form, the temple complex contained over 250 large and small temples. From afar, the temple probably resembled a small city, with a towering core of central spires surrounded by hundreds of subsidiary structures. At the center of this "city" is a square-shaped terrace surrounded by a heavy wall. Gates in the wall are oriented to the four cardinal directions, leading into a middle courtyard surrounded by a much wider wall. Within this zone were once 224 nearly identical temples, each measuring 6 x 6 x 14 meters. Beyond the middle wall was an even larger outer wall that was skewed at an angle to the inner walls. No traces of this wall remain, though parts of it existed as late as the 19th century.





Sumber : http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/indonesia/yogyakarta/prambanan.php






Borobudur Temple



The Borobudur Temple is considered as one of the seven wonders of the world. This temple is located at Borobudur District, South of Magelang, Central Java. The expression of experts who had been studying Borobudur Temple varied someway. Bernet Kempers' expression was: “Borobudur is Borobudur”, meaning that Borobudur Temple is very unique in her own way. Nieuwenkamp (an artist) imaginated Borobudur as “a big lotus flower bud ready to bloom” which was “floating” on a lake. Nieuwenkamp’s imagination was supported by N. Rangkuti (1987) that from the air, the Borobudur Temple looks floating. From the geological studies, experts were able to prove that Borobudur area was one time a big lake. Most of the villages around Borobudur Temple were at the same altitude, 235 meters above the sea-level. The same altitude included the Pawon and Mendut temples. Thus the area under 235 meter altitude was below the lake water level.
Based on the inscription dated 842 AD, Casparis suggested that Borobudur was one time a place for praying. The inscription stated a phrase such as: “Kawulan i Bhumi Sambhara”.Kawulan means the origin of holiness, “bhumi sambhara” is a name of a place in Borobudur. Paul Mus stated that Borobudur Temple had the structure of stupa (conical form) with double expression. As a whole, the Borobudur Temple was an open-flat stupa, but on the other hand, the temple expressed the idea of a “closed world”. The latter expression could be felt when one is already inside the temple. Whenever person is inside the temple, his or her view will be limited to high walls full on relieves, the verandah is always squared in such a way that one could not see other parts of the temple, even in a same floor. The same feeling happened if one stood on arupadhatu round platform, he or she will have a wider view only on that level, but are not able to see the lower level nor the upper level like the one on rupadhatu and kamandhatu. It could be said that Borobudur is a symbol of cosmic mountain covered by the sky roof, a specific world that could be reached through isolated alleys as stages. The closed structural design of the temple expressed the concept of a closed world, not just a technical reasons as had been suggested by other experts ( Daud AT, 1987)
Borobudur was built by Sanmaratungga in the 8th century, and belongs to Buddha Mahayana. Borobudur was revealed by Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles in 1814. The temple was found in ruined condition and was buried.
The overall height was 42 meters, but was only 34.5 meters after restoration, and had the dimension of 123 x 123 meters (15,129 square meters). There were 10 floors. The first floor up to the sixth floor was square form, the seventh to the tenth floor were round form.
Borobudur is facing to the East with a total of 1460 panels (2 meters wide each). Total size of the temple walls was 2500 square meters, full of relief. The total number of panels with relief was 1212. According to investigations, the total number of Buddha statue was 504 including the intact and damaged statues. The temple undergone restoration from 1905 to 1910,and the last restoration was done in 1973 to 1983.
1. Structural Design of Borobudur Temple
Ever since the first excavation, most experts speculated on the exact shape of the temple. Hoenig, in his book “Das form problem des Borobudur” speculate that the original form ofBorobudur Temple had four gates and nine floors. The form of Borobudur Temple is similar to temples found in Cambodia. According to Parmenteir, the huge single stupa on top of the temple made the smaller stupas in the lower part looked drowned. Stutterheim who had been studying stupas in India and other parts of Asia concluded that the stupa structure was an Indian origin. The original purpose of stupa building was as storage of Buddha Gautama and other holy priests cremation ash.
According to Stutterheim, the overall form of Borobudur Temple is a combination of zigurat (middle Asian Pyramid) and Indian stupa. Stutterheim opinion was supported by the existence of this type of form in Ancient Javanese literature.
The relief of Borobudur temple started from the base of the temple up to the fourth platform. The relieves at the base contained the story of Karmawibhangga. Under the main panel and above the Karmawibhangga relief, a wide-sized relief was inscripted at the wall. From this point along the alley, the relief did not show story in the sequence, but as a repeating part of the story with the same motives which expressed the world of spiritual beings such as half demonic body (Gandharwa, giants or Yataka, dragon, Sidha or angels and their ladies friends,Apsara and Nagi, all of them are heavenly beings who are tender and beautiful.
Division of panels are: the first panel expressed a heavenly being in sitting position, on both side of this panel are small panel with a small standing statue. This figures are repeated 26 times for each side of the wall. Between the panels is carved three bodies, a male flanked by two women.
There was a long series of main relieves at the first alley, either at the main wall or at the inner side of Kutamara wall. Relieves at the Kutamara wall depicted Jataka's and Awadana's, a story of Buddha's life which expressed as Bodhisatwa, due to his good deeds in the past. Sometimes, Buddha is expressed in the form of animals such as rabbit, monkeys etc. As it was told in animated stories, the story was adopted from Sanskrit book, Jatakamala. Only one third of the relieves were known, the rest was still unclear.
The lower relieves of the main wall contained the same story. The upper relieves also had the same story as the lower one. The story contained the life of Buddha consisting of 120 frames until he began teaching Buddha religion. The first frame began from the South of stairway of the curved gate at the East, and follow the path of the sun (the temple on the right side). The life story of Buddha was adopted from Lalitawistara book.
At the second alley, Jataka and Awadana story were continued on the inner side of Utamara, and on the main wall, story was began with stories adopted from Gandhawyuha. This story was so long that it occupied the main wall and inner side wall of Utamara at the third and fourth alley. The story showed the adventure of a Sudhana who met Bodhisatwa Maytreya (the future Buddha) to have religious lesson from the Buddha. Later on, the Sudhana met with Bodhisatwa Mandjusri, and finally he met with Dyani Bodhisatwa Samanta Badra, who gave the highest wisdom. Most of those stories expressed the use of spiritual strength and unusual happenings.
There were many beautiful ornaments inscripted at the wall of the fourth alley, because the fifth alley did not contained any ornaments. The fifth alley is a transitional alley to the next platform, the round platform. The next round platforms also did not contained any ornaments at all (Kaylan,1959).
t temples. Thus the area under 235 meter altitude was below the lake water level.
Based on the inscription dated 842 AD, Casparis suggested that Borobudur was one time a place for praying. The inscription stated a phrase such as: “Kawulan i Bhumi Sambhara”. Kawulan means the origin of holiness, “bhumi sambhara” is a name of a place in Borobudur. Paul Mus stated that Borobudur Temple had the structure of stupa (conical form) with double expression. As a whole, the Borobudur Templewas an open-flat stupa, but on the other hand, the temple expressed the idea of a “closed world”. The latter expression could be felt when one is already inside the temple. Whenever person is inside the temple, his or her view will be limited to high walls full on relieves, the verandah is always squared in such a way that one could not see other parts of the temple, even in a same floor. The same feeling happened if one stood on arupadhatu round platform, he or she will have a wider view only on that level, but are not able to see the lower level nor the upper level like the one on rupadhatu and kamandhatu. It could be said that Borobudur is a symbol of cosmic mountain covered by the sky roof, a specific world that could be reached through isolated alleys as stages. The closed structural design of the temple expressed the concept of a closed world, not just a technical reasons as had been suggested by other experts ( Daud AT, 1987)
Borobudur was built by Sanmaratungga in the 8th century, and belongs to Buddha Mahayana. Borobudur was revealed by Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles in 1814. The temple was found in ruined condition and was buried.
The overall height was 42 meters, but was only 34.5 meters after restoration, and had the dimension of 123 x 123 meters (15,129 square meters). There were 10 floors. The first floor up to the sixth floor was square form, the seventh to the tenth floor were round form.
Borobudur is facing to the East with a total of 1460 panels (2 meters wide each). Total size of the temple walls was 2500 square meters, full of relief. The total number of panels with relief was 1212. According to investigations, the total number of Buddha statue was 504 including the intact and damaged statues. The temple undergone restoration from 1905 to 1910, and the last restoration was done in 1973 to 1983.

Sumber : http://www.emp.pdx.edu/htliono/borobudu.html


Merapi Volcano






Merapi is a stratovolcano in central Java. Merapi has had 68 historic eruption since 1548. The current eruption began in 1987. Because of Merapi's violent past and its close proximity to Yogyakarta it was designated a Decade Volcano and is the target of increased research efforts. Photo by Jack Lockwood, U.S. Geological Survey, September 6, 1982.

Merapi is a stratovolcano with an active summit lava dome. It is located ~30 km immediately north of Yogyakarta, a city with a population of 500,000. Merapi has the unfortunate distinction of producing more nuee ardentes than any other volcano on Earth. The nuee ardentes result from collapse of the lava dome at the summit. Of the 67 historic eruptions 32 have had nuee ardentes associated with them. Eleven of these eruptions resulted in fatalities. Merapi is closely monitored by the Volcanological Survey of Indonesia. Shortly before this photograph was taken Merapi was generating up to 40 nuee ardentes per day. Photograph by Robert Koyanagi, U.S. Geological Survey, July 28, 1979.


Rockfall from the collapse of a lava dome. Photo by Jack Lockwood, U.S. Geological Survey, September 8, 1982.

Lava dome at the summit of Merapi. During 1982, the lava dome was growing about 80,000-100,000 cubic meters per month. The dome collapsed in late November, creating nuee ardentes. Photo by Jack Lockwood, U.S. Geological Survey, October 17, 1982.

Pyroclastic flow deposit on Merapi. Photo by Jack Lockwood, U.S. Geological Survey, November 2, 1982.


Kadong school is in the lower left of this photo. Barriers (just left of the stream valley) have protected the school fromlahars. In 1979, heavy rainfall mobilized old lahar deposits to create landslides that travelled as far as 12 miles (20 km) downslope. Eighty people were killed. Photo by Jack Lockwood, U.S. Geological Survey, September 26, 1982.
In late November of 1994, collapse of a lava dome at Merapi generated pyroclastic flows and surges that travelled as far as 5 miles (7.5 km) from the summit. The flows and surges killed 43 people. The plume associated with the dome collapse rose 6 miles (10 km) above the volcano. Over 6,000 people were evacuated. The eruption also started fires.

Sumber : http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/merapi

Smoking in the morning

Especially accompanied by a cup of coffee, has become a ritual that hard to break. However, these habits seem to need to be stopped from smoking at the beginning of the day is more dangerous than smoking on the day or night. Research shows that smoking after waking up would increase the risk of lung cancer, neck and head. "Morning smokers have high levels of nicotine and other toxins from tobacco in his body. They are also more addicted than smokers who refrained from smoking a half hour or so after waking up," said researcher Joshua Muscat of Penn State College of Medicine. To find out why some smokers get cancer and not, Muscat and his team examined the link between cancer risk is there with the habit of first cigarette in the morning.
The first study involved 4775 patients with lung cancer and 2835 of other smokers without lung cancer. Those who smoke 30 minutes after waking up 1.79 times higher risk of suffering from lung cancer than those who waited more than 60 minutes. Meanwhile, those who smoked 31-60 minutes after waking up had 1.31 times the risk compared to those who wait at least an hour. The second study involved 1055 people with brain and neck cancer and 795 people who smoked but did not suffer brain and neck cancer. Those who smoked within 30 minutes when you wake up 1.59 times the risk of brain and neck cancer compared with those who waited an hour. The risk of smokers who smoked 31-60 minutes after waking up 1.42 times than those who wait at least an hour.


Batik Indonesia

Batik is Indonesian’s national heritage. Other nations have cloths that look like Batik. However, on October 2, 2009, UNESCO declared that batik originates in Indonesia. UNESCO also proclaimed Indonesian batik a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. In brief, batik serves as our national indentify, and it is, indeed, our legacy.

Batik, our beautiful Indonesian traitional cloth, has been part of Indonesian life. Mothers use a batik sling when they carry their infant. Men and women wear batik clothes at receptions, ceremonies, and other formal and social events. They also use batik as casual wear at home and at places for recreation. When a person dies, people cover him or her with batik with funerary motifs. In addition, people use batik for home furnishing such as bed sheets and covers, upholstery, and tablecloths. Bags, shoes, hats, and other accessories also often use batik patterns. All in all, batik has a rich symbolism related ti Indonesian society, nature, hostory, and culture.


Sumber : 

Jumat, 08 Mei 2015

Perbedaan antara Present Perfect Tense dengan Simple Past Tense

Present perfect tense adalah suatu tense yang menunjukkan suatu pekerjaan yang telah dikerjakan pada waktu yang belum lama atau jika sudah lama maka ingin menunjukkan bahwa pelaku “pernah” melakukannya.
Rumusnya Present Perfect Tense :
Positif: S + have/has + V3
Negatif: S + have/sas Not + V3
Tanya:   Have/has + S + V3
Nah, setelah Subject (S) maka pakai “have” atau “has” sesuai pasangannya. Have dalam konteks ini artinya adalah: sudah, telah, barusan. Yang aneh dalam bahasa inggris Have + ES bukan Haves tetapi HAS. Jadi pasangannya begini:
He, She, It, John, Merry, Mufli : Has
You, We, They, Ellen and Budi: Have
Contoh:
Contoh Present Perfect Tense
Positif: She has gone (Dia baru saja pergi)
Negatif: She has not gone
Tanya: Has She gone?

Simple past tense adalah suatu tense yang menunjukkan suatu pekerjaan yang terjadi pada masa lampau tanpa ingin menunjukkan apakah pekerjaan tersebut telah atau sedang dikerjakan.
Rumus Simple Past Tense
(+) Bentuk Positif :
- Subject + was/were + complement (pelengkap)
- Subject + Verb II + Object
Contoh :
- I saw a movie yesterday
- Last year, Daniel was here
(-) Bentuk Negatif
- Subject + to be (was/were) + not + complement
- Subject + did not + Verb I + Object
Contoh :
- I did not see him yesterday
- She was not here yesterday
Bentuk did not atau was/were not bisa disingkat menjadi didn’t atau wasn’t dan weren’t
( ? ) Bentuk Interrogative :
- Did + Subject + Verb I + Object + ?
Contoh :
- Did you play football yesterday ?

Perbedaan lain antaranya:
Waktu
Perfect perfect tense tidak bisa menggunakan keterangan waktu lampau karena bentuknya present namun masih memungkinkan untuk menggunakan masa yang telah lewat tapi masih dalam periode yang sama. Misalnya minggu ini, hari ini dan lain-lain.
Contoh:
I have sent the packet this week (Aku sudah mengirim paket minggu ini).
Sementara keterangan waktu yang digunakan Simple past tense adalah masa lampau yang lebih spesifik, seperti: last week, yesterday, at 9 pm last night dan lain sebagainya. Artinya masa pada suatu periode (hari, minggu, bulan dan lain-lain) sudah berakhir.
Contoh:
I went to Yogya last last year (Aku pergi ke Bali tahun lalu). Waktu yang digunakan adalah tahun lalu (misal tahun 2014)  yang tentunya sudah berakhir karena sekarang sudah tahun 2015.

Modus Akitifitas.
Present perfect tense selain bisa digunakan untuk menunjukkan pekerjaan yang baru saja selesai, ia juga bisa digunakan untuk menunjukkan aktifitas pada masa lalu dengan maksud ingin menunjukkan bahwa pelaku pernah melakukan pekerjaan tersebut pada waktu yang tidak spesifik.
Contoh:
I have ever gone to Bali with my family (Aku sudah pernah pergi ke Bali bersama keluarga).
Have we met in this place before? (Apakah kita pernah bertemu di sini sebelumnya?)
Sementara Simple past tense hanya digunakan untuk suatu aktifitas yang terjadi pada masa lampau dengan waktu yang spesifik tanpa ingin menunjukkan bahwa pekerjaannya pada waktu itu sedang atau telah dikerjakan.
Contoh:
I called you at 7 a.m yesterday, but you did not pick the phone up (Aku menelponmu pada pukul 7 kemarin pagi tapi kamu tidak mengangkatnya).

Akibat yang ditimbulkan.

Present perfect tense untuk menunjukkan bahwa aktifitasnya baru saja dikerjakan, sehingga akibat yang ditimbulkan masih bisa dirasakan.
Contoh: Be careful with that door, I have just painted it (hati-hati dengan pintunya, aku baru saja mengecetnya). Artinya karena baru saja dampak dari pengecetan yang baru saja dilakukan, catnya masih basah.
Sementara simple past tense dampaknya sudah tidak terlalu dirasakan karena sudah lampau.
Contoh: I played football yesterday (aku kemarin bermain bola). Artinya karena sudah kemarin, maka aku sudah tidak begitu merasakan capeknya bermain bola.

Sumber




Rabu, 06 Mei 2015

Adjective clause

Adjective clause
Adjective clause merupakan salah satu bagian atau elemen penting yang sering digunakan dalam bahasa Inggris. Jadi jika kamu ingin memahami teks atau percakapan dalam bahasa Inggris yang sudah menggunakan tata bahasa yang kompleks, maka kamu harus menguasai benar cara penggunaan adjective clause. Materi yang satu ini dibilang kompleks karena ada kalimat di dalam kalimat, sehingga jika kita salah menentukan subjek utama dan subjek untuk kalimat yang itu adalah adjective clause, maka bisa mengakibatkan salah paham.
A. Pengertian Adjective Clause.
Lalu apa itu adjective clause? Adjective clause adalah grammar yang terdiri dari dua kata, yaitu adjective dan clause. Adjective berfungsi untuk menjelaskan noun (kata benda) atau pronoun (kata ganti benda). Sedangkan clause adalah kumpulan dua kata atau lebih yang memiliki subjek tapi belum sempurna sehingga belum bisa dikatakan kalimat.
Jadi yang dimaksud dengan adjective clause adalah kumpulan dua kata atau lebih (yang mengandung subjek dan verb) yang berfungsi sebagai kata sifat (adjective). Perhatikan contoh di bawah ini:
The girl who looks sad is reading a novel 
(Gadis yang terlihat sedih itu, sedang membaca novel).
Klausa: who looks sad berupa subjek dan verb yang bertugas sebagai kata sifat yang menjelaskan “The girl”.


Rumus Adjective Clause

Complex Sentence:

Independent Clause + Adjective Clause

Adjective Clause:

Relative Pronoun +/- S*+V

Keterangan: *Relative pronoun (who, which, that) dapat berfungsi sebagaisubject jika tidak ada subject.

Fungsi Relative Pronoun pada Adjective Clause

Beberapa fungsi relative pronoun di dalam adjective clause.



*Dapat dihilangkan pada defining relative clause.

Punctuation (Tanda Baca) pada Adjective Clause

Saat menerangkan subject, posisi adjective clause akan berada di tengah kalimat. Klausa tersebut dapat diapit koma ataupun tidak, tergantung pada penting atau tidaknya informasi yang dibawanya. Informasi tersebut dinilai penting (essential/restrictive) jika akan mengubah makna kalimat jika dihilangkan. Pada situasi tersebut, koma tidak digunakan. Klausa yang membawa informasi penting tersebut dinamakan defining clause. Sebaliknya, jika informasi tidak penting (non-essential/non-restrictive) sehingga dapat dihilangkan tanpa merubah makna kalimat, maka koma perlu digunakan. Klausa yang membawa informasi tidak penting tersebut dinamakan non-defining clause.

Contoh Complex Sentence:

· Essential: People who chew well may have healthy digestion.
· Non-essential: Yulia, who works out three times a week, has a positive body image.
Contoh Kalimat Adjective Clause

Berikut beberapa contoh kalimat adjective clause.
Relative Pronoun
Contoh Kalimat Adjective Clause
Keterangan
who
He is the man who works hard to support their daily needs.
(Dia pria yang bekerja keras untuk menanggung kebutuhan sehari-hari mereka.)
menerangkan “man” (subject complement)
whom
The woman whom you saw last night is my sister.
(Wanita yang kamu lihat tadi malam adalah saudara saya.)
menerangkan “woman” (subject kalimat)
whose
The man, whose car is antique, works as a lecturer.
(The man yang punya mobil antik itu bekerja sebagai dosen.)
menerangkan “man” (subject kalimat)
which
Mueeza, which is very faithful, is my cat.
(Mueeza, yang sangat setia, adalah kucing saya.)
menerangkan “Mueeza” (subject kalimat)
where (relativ adverb)
Bandar Lampung is a city where I was born.
(Bandar Lampung adalah kota dimana saya dilahirkan.)
menerangkan “city” (subject complement)
that
It is the car that I have dreamed for many years ago.
(Ini mobil yang telah saya impikan sejak beberapa tahun yang lalu.)
menerangkan “car”
(subject complement)
Sumber 
http://inggrisonline.com/pengertian-fungsi-rumus-dan-contoh-adjective-clause/

Tenses ( Present Perfect Tense )

Present Perfect Tense

Present perfect tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu aksi atau situasi yang telah dimulai di masa lalu dan masih berlanjut sampai sekarang atau telah selesai pada suatu titik waktu tertentu di masa lalu namun efeknya masih berlanjut.

Fungsi Present Perfect Tense
1.      Untuk menunjukkan pekerjaan yang baru saja selesai/telah usai pada saat sekarang. Karena baru saja selesai, maka efek dari pekerjaan tersebut masih dapat dirasakan pada saat ini.
Contoh:
·         The sailors have just come back from the sea.
(Para nelayan baru saja pulang dari laut)
·         Look! the pilot has made an acrobatic flight on the sky.
(Lihat! pilot baru saja membuat akrobat terbang di langit)
2.      Digunakan untuk menggambarkan suatu pekerjaan yang pernah dilakukan pada masa lalu tanpa jelas kapan tepatnya kejadian tersebut terjadi.
Contoh:
·         We have met before, don’t we?
(Kita sudah pernah ketemu sebelumnya kan?)
·         She has paid the bill, but he forgets.
(Dia itu sudah bayar tagihannya, tapi lupa)
3.      Untuk menggambarkan suatu pekerjaan yang telah dilakukan berulang-ulang.
Contoh:
·         I have called him eight times, but he didn’t pick his phone up.
(Aku sudah menelphonnya 8 kali, tapi dia tidak mengangkat telphonnya)
·         My son has woken up for many times tonight.
(Anakku sudah bangun berkali-kali malam ini).

Sumber :
http://inggrisonline.com/
http://www.wordsmile.com/